Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: pei̯(ə)-, pī̆- 'fat; milk'
Semantic Field(s): Milk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | Ériu | n | Ireland | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fǣt(t), fett | adj/vb.ptc | fat, fatted | ASD |
| fǣt(ti)an | vb.wk | to cram, fatten | AHD/W7 | |
| Īras | prop.n.pl | the Irish (people) | AHD/ASD | |
| pic | n.neut | pitch | ASD/W7 | |
| pīn | n.fem | anguish, punishment | ASD/W7 | |
| pīnian | vb.wk | to pine, torment | ASD/W7 | |
| pīn-trēow | n.neut | pine tree | ASD | |
| pīn-trēowen | adj | re: pine tree | ASD | |
| Middle English: | apayed | adj/vb.ptc | pleased, content, satisfied | MEV |
| Erse | prop.n | Erse | W7 | |
| fat | adj | fat | W7 | |
| pich | n | pitch | W7 | |
| pinen | vb | to pine | W7 | |
| pippe | n | pip | W7 | |
| English: | Erin | prop.n | female given name; (poetic) Ireland | LRC |
| Erse | prop.n | Irish: Gaelic language of Ireland/Scotland | LRC | |
| fat | adj | plump, obese, fattened | AHD/W7 | |
| Irish | prop.adj | re: the Irish | W7 | |
| Irish | prop.n.pl | natives/inhabitants of Ireland | AHD | |
| pay | vb.trans | to coat with waterproof substance | AHD/W7 | |
| piceous | adj | re: pitch | AHD/W7 | |
| picoline | n | liquid pyridine base found in coal tar | AHD/W7 | |
| pine | n | coniferous evergreen tree | W7 | |
| pine | vb.intrans | to languish, lose health/vigor | AHD/W7 | |
| pineal | adj | re: small conical brain appendage | AHD/W7 | |
| pinnace | n | light sailing ship (used as tender) | AHD/W7 | |
| pinon | n | low-growing nut pine | AHD/W7 | |
| pinot | n | red/white grape variety | AHD | |
| pip | n | scale/crust on tongue (a bird disorder) | AHD/W7 | |
| pitch | n | dark/black viscous residue from heated tars | AHD/W7 | |
| pitchblende | n | massive uraninite (chief source of uranium) | AHD/W7 | |
| pittosporum | n | evergreen shrub native to warm regions | AHD | |
| pituitary | adj | re: small oval endocrine brain organ | AHD/W7 | |
| propionic | adj | re: acid in monatomic fatty series | AHD | |
| Scots English: | Erisch | prop.adj | re: Erse | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fat | adj | fat | ASD |
| Frisian: | fet | adj | fat | ASD |
| Dutch: | pijnboom | n | pine | TLL |
| vet | adj | fat | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | feit | adj | fat | RPN |
| Old Low German: | pik | n | pitch | ASD |
| Old High German: | feiz(i)t | adj | fat | ASD/W7 |
| peh | n | pitch | ASD | |
| pfiffīz | n | pip | W7 | |
| pīnōn | vb | to pine, torment | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | veiʒ, veiʒ(e)t | adj | fat | ASD |
| German: | fett, feist | adj | fat | ASD |
| Pech | n.neut | pitch | W7 | |
| Pechblende | n.fem | pitchblende | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | bik | n | pitch | ASD |
| feitr | adj | fat | ASD | |
| Írar | prop.n | the Irish (people) | ASD | |
| pína | vb | to pine, torment | ASD | |
| Danish: | fe(e)d | adj | fat | ASD |
| Swedish: | fet | adj | fat | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | opimus | adj | fat, copious | W7 |
| piceus | adj | re: pitch | W7 | |
| pico, picāre | vb | to smear with pitch | W7 | |
| pinea | n.fem | pine cone | W7 | |
| pineus | adj | re: pine | W7 | |
| pīnus, pīnūs, pīnī | n.fem | pine, fir, spruce | W7 | |
| pituita | n.fem | phlegm; pip; tree sap | W7 | |
| pix, picis | n.fem | pitch | W7 | |
| poena | n.fem | pain, punishment | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | pipita | n.fem | phlegm; pip; tree sap | W7 |
| Old Spanish: | pinaza | n.fem | pinnace | W7 |
| pino | n.masc | pine | W7 | |
| Spanish: | piña | n.fem | pine cone | W7 |
| piñón | n.masc | pine nut | W7 | |
| American Spanish: | piñón | adj | good looking | W7 |
| Old French: | apaier | vb | to please, satisfy | MEV |
| payer | vb | to pay | MEV | |
| Middle French: | pinace | n.fem | pinnace | W7 |
| pinéal | adj | pineal | W7 | |
| French: | payer | vb | to pay | W7 |
| pin | n | pine | LRC | |
| pinéal | adj | re: reptilian organ | W7 | |
| Italian: | pino | n | pine | LRC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | píenas | n | milk | RPN |
| píeva | n.fem | meadow | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | pitěti, pitějǫ, pitěješi | vb | to nourish | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πῑ́ων | adj | fat, rich | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | páyate | vb | to swell, fatten, abound | RPN |
| páyas- | n | milk | RPN | |
| pī́van- | adj | fat, full, swelling | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
