Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. peig̑-, and peik̑- 'to be hostile'
Semantic Field(s): Hate (n), Foe, Enemy, Enemy (in War)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | befician | vb | to deceive, go round | ASD |
| fǣge | adj | fey | LRC | |
| fāg, fāh | adj | guilty, outlawed, hostile, inimical | ASD | |
| fāh(man) | n | foe(man) | ASD | |
| ficol | adj | fickle | ASD | |
| Middle English: | feide | n | feud | W7 |
| feye | adj | fey | W7 | |
| fikel | adj | fickle | W7 | |
| fo | n | foe | W7 | |
| English: | feud | n | prolonged quarrel | AHD/W7 |
| fey | adj | doomed, fated/destined to die | AHD/W7 | |
| fickle | adj | erratic, deceitful, inconstant | AHD/W7 | |
| foe | n | foeman | AHD/W7 | |
| foeman | n | enemy, one with personal enmity | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | veeg | adj | fey | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fēgi | adj | fey | ASD |
| Old High German: | fēhida | n | feud, hostility | W7 |
| feigi | adj | fey | W7 | |
| (ga)fēh | adj | hostile, inimical | ASD | |
| gifēh | adj | hostile, inimical | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | (ge)vēch | adj | hostile, inimical | ASD |
| veige | adj | fey | ASD | |
| German: | feig | adj | timid, cowardly | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | feigr | adj | fey | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fayan | vb | to reproach, be hostile | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pigeo, pigēre | vb | to irk | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
