Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peisk-, pisk- 'fish'
Semantic Field(s): Fish (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | iasg, iasc | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Gaelic: | iasg, ēisg | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Cornish: | pesc, pise, pysc | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Welsh: | pysg | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fisc | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Middle English: | fish | n | fish | W7 |
| grapay | n | grampus | W7 | |
| graspey | n | grampus | W7 | |
| piscarie | n | piscary | W7 | |
| Pisces | prop.n | Pisces | W7 | |
| porpoys | n | porpoise | W7 | |
| English: | fish | n | aquatic vertibrate animal | AHD/W7 |
| grampus | n | small cetacean | AHD/W7 | |
| lut(e)fisk | n | traditional Scandinavian fish gelatin | AHD/W2I | |
| piscary | n | fishery | AHD/W7 | |
| piscatorial | adj | re: fish/fishing | AHD | |
| piscatory | adj | re: fishing/fishermen | W7 | |
| Pisces | prop.n | zodiacal constellation | AHD/W7 | |
| pisci- | pfx | re: fish | AHD | |
| piscina | n | basin with drain near church altar | AHD/W7 | |
| piscine | adj | re: fish | AHD/W7 | |
| porpoise | n | small gregarious toothed whale | AHD/W7 | |
| repechage | n | additional trial heat (in rowing) | AHD | |
| weakfish | n | marine percoid food fish | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fisk | n | fish | ASD |
| Frisian: | fisck | n | fish | ASD |
| Dutch: | vis(ch) | n.masc | fish | ASD/W7 |
| walvisch | n | whale | TLL | |
| weekvis | n | weakfish | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | fisc, visc | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Low German: | fisk | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Old High German: | fisc | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Middle High German: | visch | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| German: | Fisch | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | fiskr | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| Norwegian: | lutfisk | n | lutfisk, lit. lye-fish | W2I |
| Danish: | fisk | n.masc/fem | fish | ASD |
| Swedish: | fisk | n.masc | fish | ASD |
| lutfisk | n | lutfisk, lit. lye-fish | W2I | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | fisks | n.str.masc | fish | LRC |
| Crimean Gothic: | *fisch, fisct | n | fish | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | piscarius | adj | re: fish | W7 |
| Pisces | prop.n.masc.pl | Pisces, lit. Fish | W7 | |
| piscina | n.fem | fish-pond | W7 | |
| piscis | n.masc | fish | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | piscaria | n.fem | fishery | W7 |
| piscina | n.fem | fish-pond, swimming pool | W7 | |
| porcopiscis | n.fem | porpoise | W7 | |
| Middle French: | graspeis | n.masc | grampus | W7 |
| porpois | n.masc | porpoise | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |