Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. pek̑-, pēk̑-, pōk̑- 'to be joyful, make pretty'
Semantic Field(s): Glad, Joyful, Beautiful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fæg(e)n | adj | fain | ASD/W7 |
| fæg(e)r | adj | fair | ASD | |
| fæger | n.fem | fairness, beauty | ASD | |
| fæg(e)re, fegere | adv | fairly, gently, beautifully | ASD | |
| fagan | adj | glad | W7 | |
| fagnian | vb.wk | to rejoice | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | fagen | adj | fain | W7 |
| fager, fair | adj | fair | W7 | |
| faunen | vb | to fawn | W7 | |
| fayn | adj | fain | W7 | |
| English: | fain | adj | glad, pleased, happy, joyful | AHD/W7 |
| fain | adv | rather, willingly | W7 | |
| fair | adj | fit, pleasing, beautiful | AHD/W7 | |
| Fairbairn | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fairly | adv | suitably, handsomely, becomingly | W7 | |
| fawn | vb.intrans | to show affection | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | fagan | adj | fain | ASD |
| fagar | adj | fair, adapted | ASD | |
| Old High German: | fagar | adj | fair, adapted | ASD |
| fagarī | n.fem | beauty, fairness | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | fager | adj | fair, adapted | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fagna, fagnað | vb | to be fain | LRC |
| fagr(an) | adj | fair | LRC | |
| fegiun | adj | fain | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | fagr | adj | fair | ASD |
| feginn | adj | fain | ASD | |
| Danish: | fager, fauer, faver | adj | fair, adapted | ASD |
| Swedish: | fager | adj | fair, adapted | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | faginōn | vb.wk.II | to rejoice | LRC |
| fagrs | adj | fair, adapted | ASD | |
| fullafahjan | vb.wk.I | to serve, satisfy | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | puošti | vb | to adorn, decorate | LD/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
