Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. pek̑- 'to fleece; fee, cattle'
Semantic Field(s): Wool, Cattle, Bovines
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fe(a)x | n.neut | hair, locks | ASD/IEW |
| feoh, fioh | n.str.neut | fee, wealth; (name for) F-rune | ASD | |
| feoh-gift | n.fem | money-gift, lit. cattle-gift | LRC | |
| feoh-lēas | adj | moneyless, lit. without cattle | LRC | |
| feohtan, feaht, fuhton, fohten | vb.str.III | to fight | LRC | |
| fēo-laga | n | fellow, partner, lit. money-layer | W7 | |
| Middle English: | enfeoffen | vb | to enfeoff | W7 |
| fe, fe(o)h | n | fee | W2I | |
| felawe | n | fellow | W7 | |
| feoffement | n | feoffment | W7 | |
| fighten | vb | to fight | W7 | |
| impecunious | adj | impecunious | W7 | |
| peculier | adj | peculiar | W7 | |
| pecunious | adj | pecunious | W7 | |
| English: | ctenidium | n | comblike structure | AHD |
| ctenoid | adj | having toothed margin | AHD/W7 | |
| ctenophore | n | marine animal resembling jellyfish | AHD/W7 | |
| enfeoff | vb.trans | to invest with fief/other possessions | AHD/W7 | |
| fee | n | cattle; goods, money, property | AHD/W2I | |
| fellow | n | comrade, associate | AHD/W7 | |
| Fellowship | prop.n | band of 9 heroes in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fellowship | n | group of friends/comrades | LRC | |
| feoffment | n | granting a fief | AHD/W7 | |
| feud | n | fee | AHD/W7 | |
| fief | n | fee, feudal estate | AHD/W7 | |
| fight, fought | vb.str | to contend in battle/physical combat | AHD/W7 | |
| impecunious | adj | penniless, having little/no money | AHD/W7 | |
| pecorino | n | Italian cheese made from ewe's milk | AHD | |
| pecten | n | body part resembling comb | AHD/W7 | |
| peculate | vb.trans | to embezzle | AHD/W7 | |
| peculiar | adj | belonging exclusively to single person/group | AHD/W7 | |
| pecuniary | adj | re: money | AHD/W7 | |
| pecunious | adj.obs | rich, wealthy | AHD/W7 | |
| Shadowfax | prop.n | Gandalf's silver-gray horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Scots English: | fecht | vb | to fight | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | fax | n | hair, locks | ASD |
| fia, fya | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| fiuchta | vb | to fight | ASD | |
| Frisian: | fjuechten | vb | to fight | ASD |
| Dutch: | vechten | vb | to fight | ASD |
| vee | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | fahs | n.neut | hair, locks | ASD |
| fehtan | vb | to fight | ASD | |
| fehu, fē, fio | n | fee, wealth | ASD/CDC | |
| Low German: | fee, vee, veih | n.neut | fee | ASD/CDC |
| Old High German: | fahs | n.neut | hair, locks | ASD |
| fehtan | vb | to fight | W7 | |
| fehu, fihu | n.neut | fee | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle High German: | vahs | n.masc | hair, locks | ASD |
| vehten | vb | to fight | ASD | |
| vihe | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| German: | fechten | vb | to fight | ASD |
| Vieh | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *fehu | n | fee, wealth; (name for) F-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | fé | n.neut | fee, sheep | LRC |
| fēlag(i) | n | fellowship, partnership | W7 | |
| fær | n | sheep | KNW | |
| Icelandic: | fax | n.neut | mane | ASD |
| fē | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| Danish: | faar | n | sheep | TLL |
| fegte, fægte | vb | to fight | ASD | |
| fæ | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| Swedish: | får | n | sheep | SAO |
| fä | n.neut | fee | ASD | |
| fäkta | vb | to fight | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | faihu | n.neut | fee | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | pecten, pectinis | n.masc | comb | W7 |
| pecto, pectere | vb | to comb | W7 | |
| pecūlātus | n.masc | corruption, embezzlement | W7 | |
| pecūliāris | adj | re: private property | W7 | |
| pecūlium | n.neut | private property | W7 | |
| peculor, peculāri | vb.dep | to defraud the State | W7 | |
| pecūnia, pecūniae | n.fem | wealth, riches | LRC | |
| pecūniārius | adj | pecuniary | W7 | |
| pecūniōsus | adj | pecunious | W7 | |
| pecus, pecoris | n.neut | fee, domestic animal | ELD | |
| Medieval Latin: | feodum | n.neut | treatise | W7 |
| Old French: | fief | n.masc | land, castle, property | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | enfeoffer | vb | to enfeoff | W7 |
| feoffement | n.masc | feoffment | W7 | |
| feoffer | vb | to enfeoff | W7 | |
| Italian: | pecora | n.fem | sheep | LRC |
| pecorino | n.masc | pecorino | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pẽkus | n | cattle | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κτείς | n.masc | comb, rake | LS |
| kten- | pfx | comb | W7 | |
| ktenoeidēs | adj | ctenoid, comb-like | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | fšu- | n | cattle | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pā́śu- | n.masc | cattle | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
