Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peku̯- 'to cook'
Semantic Field(s): to Cook
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | coca | n | cook | ASD |
| cucann | n | kitchen | ASD | |
| Cornish: | cegin, keghin | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
| cog | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Welsh: | cegin | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
| cōg | n | cook | ASD | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | āfigen | adj | fried | W7 |
| cōc | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| cycene, cicene | n.fem | kitchen | ASD/W7 | |
| cyln | n | kiln | W7 | |
| Middle English: | bisquite | n | biscuit | W7 |
| cook | n | cook | W7 | |
| kichene | n | kitchen | W7 | |
| kilne | n | kiln | W7 | |
| quiture | n | quittor | W7 | |
| English: | apricot | n | deciduous Asian tree with fleshy succulent fruit | AHD |
| biscotto | n | biscuit, twice-baked cookie | AHD | |
| biscuit | n | hard/crisp dry baked product | AHD/W7 | |
| concoct | vb.trans | to prepare (a meal) by combining crude materials | AHD/W7 | |
| cook | n | one who cooks | AHD/W7 | |
| cook | vb | to prepare food/meals | LRC | |
| cuisine | n | manner of preparing food | AHD/W7 | |
| culinary | adj | re: kitchen/cookery | AHD/W7 | |
| decoct | vb.trans | to extract flavor by boiling | AHD/W7 | |
| drupe | n | one-seeded indehiscent fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| dyspepsia | n | indigestion | AHD/W7 | |
| kiln | n | oven/furnace for processing substance by firing/drying | AHD/W7 | |
| kitchen | n | room/place with cooking facilities | AHD/W7 | |
| pepo | n | many-seeded fruit of gourd family | AHD/W7 | |
| pepsin | n | proteinase in stomach that digests proteins | AHD/W7 | |
| peptic | adj | digestive, re: digestion | AHD/W7 | |
| peptize | vb.trans | to create colloidal solution | AHD/W7 | |
| peptone | n | water-soluble result of partial protein hydrolysis | AHD/W7 | |
| precocious | adj | very early in development/occurrence | AHD/W7 | |
| pukka | adj | authentic, genuine | AHD/W7 | |
| pumpion | n | pumpkin | AHD/W7 | |
| pumpkin | n | round yellow/orange gourd | AHD/W7 | |
| quittor | n | purulent inflammation of feet (esp. in horses/asses) | AHD/W7 | |
| ricotta | n | soft Italian cheese | AHD | |
| British English: | peptise | vb.trans | to peptize | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | abrikoos | n | apricot | TLL |
| keuken | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
| kok | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | kok | n.masc | cook | ASD |
| Low German: | kokk | n | cook | ASD |
| Old High German: | chuhhina, kuchina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD/W7 |
| koch | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | koch | n.masc | cook | ASD |
| küche, kuche(n) | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
| German: | Aprikose | n | apricot | TLL |
| Koch | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Küche | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
| Pepsin | n.neut | pepsin | W7 | |
| Pepton | n | peptone | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | kock-hūs | n | kitchen, lit. cook-house | ASD |
| kokkr | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Danish: | abrikos | n | apricot | TLL |
| kjökken | n.neut | kitchen | ASD | |
| kok | n.masc/fem | cook | ASD | |
| Swedish: | aprikos | n | apricot | TLL |
| kock | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| kök | n.neut | kitchen | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | coctura | n.fem | act of cooking | W7 |
| coctus | vb.ptc | cooked | W7 | |
| cocus, coquus | n.masc | cook, chef | ASD | |
| concoctus | vb.ptc | cooked together | W7 | |
| concoquō, concoquere | vb | to cook together | W7 | |
| coquō, coquere | vb | to cook | W7 | |
| culina | n.fem | kitchen | W7 | |
| culinarius | adj | re: kitchen/cooking | W7 | |
| decoctus | vb.ptc | cooked | W7 | |
| decoquo, decoquere | vb | to cook, boil, melt | W7 | |
| drupa | n.fem | overripe olive | W7 | |
| dyspepsia | n.fem | indigestion | W7 | |
| pepo | n.masc | pepo, melon | W7 | |
| pepticus | adj | peptic | W7 | |
| praecox, praecocis | adj | precocious, early ripening | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | coquina | n.fem | kitchen | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | bis-coctus | adj | twice-cooked | AHD |
| New Latin: | drupa | n.fem | one-seeded indehiscent fruit | W7 |
| Spanish: | cocina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
| Old French: | biscuit | n | biscuit | AHD |
| quiture | n.fem | act of boiling | W7 | |
| Middle French: | bescuit | n.masc | twice-cooked bread | W7 |
| pain | n.masc | bread | W7 | |
| French: | abricot | n | apricot | LRC |
| cuisine | n.fem | kitchen | W7 | |
| pompon | n.masc | pumpion | W7 | |
| Italian: | albicocca | n | apricot | LRC |
| biscotto | n.masc | biscotto | LRC | |
| cucina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
| cuóco | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kepù | vb | to grind | LRC |
| kukne | n | kitchen | ASD | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | kuchari | n | cook | ASD |
| peko | vb | to grind | LRC | |
| Russian: | kuchnja | n | kitchen | ASD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πέπων | adj | ripe, mellow; pet, dear; coward, weakling | LRC |
| πέσσω | vb | to cook, bake; ripen; digest | LRC | |
| Greek: | dryppa | n.fem | olive | W7 |
| dyspepsia | n.fem | indigestion | W7 | |
| peptein | vb | to cook, digest | W7 | |
| peptikos | adj | peptic | W7 | |
| peptos | adj | cooked, digested | W7 | |
| pepsis | n.fem | digestion | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | πραικόκιον | n | apricot | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | hac' | n | bread | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pakva | adj | cooked; ripe, solid | W7 |
| pácanti | vb | to cook, fry | LRC | |
| Hindi: | pakkā | adj | cooked, ripe, solid | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | päk- | vb | to cook, be cooked | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |