Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: peku̯- 'to cook'
Semantic Field(s): to Cook
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Irish: | coca | n | cook | ASD |
cucann | n | kitchen | ASD | |
Cornish: | cegin, keghin | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
cog | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Welsh: | cegin | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
cōg | n | cook | ASD | |
English | ||||
Old English: | āfigen | adj | fried | W7 |
cōc | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
cycene, cicene | n.fem | kitchen | ASD/W7 | |
cyln | n | kiln | W7 | |
Middle English: | bisquite | n | biscuit | W7 |
cook | n | cook | W7 | |
kichene | n | kitchen | W7 | |
kilne | n | kiln | W7 | |
quiture | n | quittor | W7 | |
English: | apricot | n | deciduous Asian tree with fleshy succulent fruit | AHD |
biscotto | n | biscuit, twice-baked cookie | AHD | |
biscuit | n | hard/crisp dry baked product | AHD/W7 | |
concoct | vb.trans | to prepare (a meal) by combining crude materials | AHD/W7 | |
cook | n | one who cooks | AHD/W7 | |
cook | vb | to prepare food/meals | LRC | |
cuisine | n | manner of preparing food | AHD/W7 | |
culinary | adj | re: kitchen/cookery | AHD/W7 | |
decoct | vb.trans | to extract flavor by boiling | AHD/W7 | |
drupe | n | one-seeded indehiscent fruit | AHD/W7 | |
dyspepsia | n | indigestion | AHD/W7 | |
kiln | n | oven/furnace for processing substance by firing/drying | AHD/W7 | |
kitchen | n | room/place with cooking facilities | AHD/W7 | |
pepo | n | many-seeded fruit of gourd family | AHD/W7 | |
pepsin | n | proteinase in stomach that digests proteins | AHD/W7 | |
peptic | adj | digestive, re: digestion | AHD/W7 | |
peptize | vb.trans | to create colloidal solution | AHD/W7 | |
peptone | n | water-soluble result of partial protein hydrolysis | AHD/W7 | |
precocious | adj | very early in development/occurrence | AHD/W7 | |
pukka | adj | authentic, genuine | AHD/W7 | |
pumpion | n | pumpkin | AHD/W7 | |
pumpkin | n | round yellow/orange gourd | AHD/W7 | |
quittor | n | purulent inflammation of feet (esp. in horses/asses) | AHD/W7 | |
ricotta | n | soft Italian cheese | AHD | |
British English: | peptise | vb.trans | to peptize | LRC |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | abrikoos | n | apricot | TLL |
keuken | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
kok | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | kok | n.masc | cook | ASD |
Low German: | kokk | n | cook | ASD |
Old High German: | chuhhina, kuchina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD/W7 |
koch | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Middle High German: | koch | n.masc | cook | ASD |
küche, kuche(n) | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
German: | Aprikose | n | apricot | TLL |
Koch | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Küche | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
Pepsin | n.neut | pepsin | W7 | |
Pepton | n | peptone | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | kock-hūs | n | kitchen, lit. cook-house | ASD |
kokkr | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Danish: | abrikos | n | apricot | TLL |
kjökken | n.neut | kitchen | ASD | |
kok | n.masc/fem | cook | ASD | |
Swedish: | aprikos | n | apricot | TLL |
kock | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
kök | n.neut | kitchen | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | coctura | n.fem | act of cooking | W7 |
coctus | vb.ptc | cooked | W7 | |
cocus, coquus | n.masc | cook, chef | ASD | |
concoctus | vb.ptc | cooked together | W7 | |
concoquō, concoquere | vb | to cook together | W7 | |
coquō, coquere | vb | to cook | W7 | |
culina | n.fem | kitchen | W7 | |
culinarius | adj | re: kitchen/cooking | W7 | |
decoctus | vb.ptc | cooked | W7 | |
decoquo, decoquere | vb | to cook, boil, melt | W7 | |
drupa | n.fem | overripe olive | W7 | |
dyspepsia | n.fem | indigestion | W7 | |
pepo | n.masc | pepo, melon | W7 | |
pepticus | adj | peptic | W7 | |
praecox, praecocis | adj | precocious, early ripening | W7 | |
Late Latin: | coquina | n.fem | kitchen | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | bis-coctus | adj | twice-cooked | AHD |
New Latin: | drupa | n.fem | one-seeded indehiscent fruit | W7 |
Spanish: | cocina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD |
Old French: | biscuit | n | biscuit | AHD |
quiture | n.fem | act of boiling | W7 | |
Middle French: | bescuit | n.masc | twice-cooked bread | W7 |
pain | n.masc | bread | W7 | |
French: | abricot | n | apricot | LRC |
cuisine | n.fem | kitchen | W7 | |
pompon | n.masc | pumpion | W7 | |
Italian: | albicocca | n | apricot | LRC |
biscotto | n.masc | biscotto | LRC | |
cucina | n.fem | kitchen | ASD | |
cuóco | n.masc | cook | ASD | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kepù | vb | to grind | LRC |
kukne | n | kitchen | ASD | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | kuchari | n | cook | ASD |
peko | vb | to grind | LRC | |
Russian: | kuchnja | n | kitchen | ASD |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πέπων | adj | ripe, mellow; pet, dear; coward, weakling | LRC |
πέσσω | vb | to cook, bake; ripen; digest | LRC | |
Greek: | dryppa | n.fem | olive | W7 |
dyspepsia | n.fem | indigestion | W7 | |
peptein | vb | to cook, digest | W7 | |
peptikos | adj | peptic | W7 | |
peptos | adj | cooked, digested | W7 | |
pepsis | n.fem | digestion | W7 | |
Late Greek: | πραικόκιον | n | apricot | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | hac' | n | bread | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | pakva | adj | cooked; ripe, solid | W7 |
pácanti | vb | to cook, fry | LRC | |
Hindi: | pakkā | adj | cooked, ripe, solid | W7 |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian A: | päk- | vb | to cook, be cooked | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |