Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. pel-, pelə-, plē- 'to pour, fill; full, plenary; town?'
Semantic Field(s): to Pour, Full, Town, City
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | (h)il | adj | many | RPN |
lán | adj | full | RPN | |
lín(a)id | vb | to fill | RPN | |
Irish: | feal | adj | fell, bad, evil, naughty | ASD |
Breton: | leun | adj | full | RPN |
Cornish: | le(u)n, luen | adj | full | RPN |
Welsh: | llawn | adj | full | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | æl-fæle, eal-felo | adj | dire, baleful, lit. all-fell | ASD/RPN |
eal-fela | adj | very much, lit. all-much | LRC | |
fæle, fel(o) | adj | fell, baleful, pernicious | ASD | |
fe(a)la, fæla, feola | adv/adj.indec | very; much, many | ASD | |
fīfealde | n | butterfly | LRC | |
folc | n.neut | folk | LRC | |
ful(l) | adj | full, filled | ASD/RPN | |
fulla | n | fullness | RPN | |
fyllan | vb.wk | to fill (up) | ASD/RPN | |
psealm | n.masc | psalm | ASD/W7 | |
Winter-fylleþ | prop.n | October, lit. winter-fills (month) | ASD | |
Middle English: | accomplisshen | vb | to accomplish | W7 |
complement | n | complement | W7 | |
complet | adj | complete | W7 | |
fel | adj | fell | W7 | |
fillen | vb | to fill | W7 | |
folk | n | folk | W7 | |
full | adj | full | W7 | |
implement | n | implement | W7 | |
palpable | adj | palpable | W7 | |
pavilon | n | pavilion | W7 | |
plenitude | n | plenitude | W7 | |
plente | n | plenty | W7 | |
plural | n | plural | W7 | |
policie | n | government, policy: sagacity | W7 | |
politik | adj | politic | W7 | |
poly- | pfx | poly- | W7 | |
psalm | n | psalm | W7 | |
psalterie | n | psaltery | W7 | |
replenisshen | vb | to replenish | W7 | |
replete | adj | replete | W7 | |
supplien | vb | to supply | W7 | |
surplus | n | surplus | W7 | |
English: | accomplish | vb.trans | to perform, execute fully | AHD/W7 |
acropolis | n | upper fortified part of ancient Greek city | AHD/W7 | |
complement | n | something that completes/fills up/makes perfect | AHD/W7 | |
complete | adj | entire, possessing all necessary parts | AHD/W7 | |
compliment | n | expression of respect/esteem/affection/admiration | AHD/W7 | |
comply | vb.intrans | to be ceremoniously courteous | AHD/W7 | |
cosmopolis | n | cosmopolitan city | AHD/W7 | |
cosmopolite | n | cosmopolitan person/organism | AHD/W7 | |
deplete | vb.trans | to empty of principal substance | AHD/W7 | |
expletive | adj | serving to fill up | AHD/W7 | |
Felaróf | prop.n | Eorl's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
fell | adj | cruel, fierce, savage, deadly | W7 | |
felon | n | villain, criminal, evildoer | W7 | |
fill | vb | to add/insert as much/many as is normal/possible | AHD/W7 | |
Folca | prop.n | 13th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Folcred | prop.n | Rohan prince in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Folcwine | prop.n | 14th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
folk | n | people, kindred tribes forming nation | AHD/W7 | |
folkmoot | n | general assembly of shire residents | AHD/W7 | |
full | adj | containing as much/many as is normal/possible | AHD/W7 | |
Herrenvolk | prop.n | master race | AHD/W7 | |
implement | n | article serving to equip | AHD/W7 | |
metropolis | n | mother city/state of colony | AHD/W7 | |
necropolis | n | cemetery | AHD/W7 | |
nonplus | n | state of confusion/perplexity/bewilderment | AHD | |
nonplus | vb | to bewilder, be/put at loss | AHD | |
palp | n | palpus: arthropod mouthpart | AHD/W7 | |
palpable | adj | tangible, able to be felt/touched | AHD/W7 | |
palpate | vb.trans | to examine by touch | AHD/W7 | |
palpation | n | examination by touch | AHD/W7 | |
palpebra | n | eyelid | AHD | |
palpitate | vb.intrans | to throb, beat rapidly/strongly | AHD/W7 | |
paludal | adj | marshy, re: fens/marshes | AHD/W7 | |
papilionaceous | adj | resembling butterfly (esp. in shape) | AHD/W7 | |
papillon | n | slender toy spaniel (dog) resembling chihuahua | AHD/W7 | |
papillote | n | curlpaper | AHD/W7 | |
pavilion | n | large sumptuous tent | AHD/W7 | |
piu | adv | more | AHD/W7 | |
plebe | n | common person; military academy freshman | AHD/W7 | |
plebeian | n | Roman commoner | AHD/W7 | |
plebiscite | n | direct vote where electorate may accept/refuse proposal | AHD | |
plebs | n | populace, common people | AHD | |
pleiotaxy | n | increase of number of whorls in inflorescence | AHD | |
pleiotropism | n | control (by single gene) of multiple phenotypic effects | AHD | |
Pleistocene | adj | re: geologic epoch early in Quaternary | LRC | |
plenary | adj | full, complete | AHD/W7 | |
plenipotentiary | n | person invested with power to transact business | AHD/W7 | |
plenitude | n | fullness, completeness | AHD/W7 | |
plenty | n | abundance, full supply | AHD/W7 | |
plenum | n | space full of matter | AHD/W7 | |
pleonasm | n | using more words than necessary | AHD/W7 | |
plerocercoid | n | solid elongate infective tapeworm larva | AHD/W7 | |
plethora | n | bodily condition re: excess blood | AHD/W7 | |
plethysmograph | n | instrument measuring variation in body part size based on blood volume | AHD | |
plural | adj | [grammatical form denoting] more than one/two | AHD/W7 | |
plus | prep | increased by, with addition of | AHD/W7 | |
police | n | government unit exercising power re: community morals/safety/prosperity | AHD/W7 | |
police | n.obs | policy | AHD/W7 | |
policlinic | n | dispensary/department of hospital treating outpatients | AHD/W7 | |
policy | n | sagacity, wisdom/prudence in managing affairs | AHD/W7 | |
policy | n | document wherein insurance contract is made | AHD/W7 | |
polis | n | city-state in ancient Greece | AHD | |
politic | adj | political | AHD/W7 | |
political | adj | re: government | W7 | |
polity | n | political organization | AHD/W7 | |
poly- | pfx | multi-, much/many, several | AHD/W7 | |
polydactyl | adj | having abnormally many digits | W9 | |
polymer | n | chemical compound of repeating structural units | W7 | |
polypnea | n | panting, rapid breathing | AHD | |
polypod | adj | having many feet | AHD | |
polytene | adj | re: large multistranded chromosomes with chromomeres in contact | AHD | |
poori | n | light unleavened bread of India/Pakistan | AHD | |
propolis | n | brownish resinous material from tree buds | AHD/W7 | |
psalm | n | sacred song/poem used in praise/worship of deity | AHD/W7 | |
psaltery | n | ancient stringed instrument resembling zither | AHD/W7 | |
replenish | vb | to stock, fill with persons/animals | AHD/W7 | |
replete | adj | fully/abundantly provided | AHD/W7 | |
supplement | vb | to complete, add to | W7 | |
suppletive | adj | supplying, suppletory, supplemental | AHD/CDC | |
supply | vb | to add as supplement | AHD/W7 | |
surplus | n | amount remaining when use/need is satisfied | AHD/W7 | |
terreplein | n | level space behind parapet (to mount weapons) | AHD/W7 | |
Winterfilth | prop.n | Shire calendar's October in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Scots English: | fell | adj | keen, hot, acute | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | fal | adj | fell, violent | ASD |
fel, ful | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
fella, folla, fullia | vb | to fill | ASD | |
folk | n.neut | folk | ASD | |
ful, fol | adj | full | ASD | |
Frisian: | fol | adj | full | ASD |
folck | n | folk | ASD | |
foll, full | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
folljen | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Dutch: | fel | adj | fell, violent | ASD |
politie | n | police | TLL | |
veel | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
vleermuis | n | bat | TLL | |
vol | adj | full | ASD | |
volk | n.neut | folk | ASD | |
vullen | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | filo, filu | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD |
fletharmūs | n | bat | KSW | |
fol, ful | adj | full | ASD | |
folc, folk | n.neut | folk, group | ASD | |
fullian | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Low German: | full, vull | adj | full | ASD |
vullen | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Old High German: | fīfaltra | n | butterfly | W7 |
filo, filu | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
fledarmūs | n | bat, moth | KNW | |
folc(h), folk | n.neut | folk | ASD/W7 | |
fol(l), full | adj | full | ASD/W7 | |
fulljan | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vālant | n | devil | RPN |
vil | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
vol | adj | full | ASD | |
volc | n.masc | folk | ASD | |
vüllen | vb | to fill | ASD | |
German: | Falter | n | moth, butterfly | LRC |
Fledermaus | n | bat | TLL | |
füllen | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Herrenvolk | n | Herrenvolk, lit. lord folk | AHD/W7 | |
Poliklinik | n.fem | policlinic | W7 | |
Polizei | n | police | TLL | |
viel | adj.indec | much, many; very | ASD | |
Volk | n.neut | folk | ASD | |
voll | adj | full | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | fleiri | adj.comp | more, further; other | LRC |
fólk | n.neut | folk, men, troop, host of warriors | LRC | |
fullr | adj | full, in full swing | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | felms-fullr | adj | alarmed, frightened | RPN |
felmtr | n | sudden fear, fright | RPN | |
fīfrildi | n | butterfly | LRC | |
fæla | vb | to scare, frighten | RPN | |
fæling | adj | frightening | RPN | |
Icelandic: | fjöl- | pfx | much | ASD |
fōlk | n.neut | folk | ASD | |
fullr | adj | full | ASD | |
fylla | vb | to fill | ASD | |
Danish: | folk | n.neut | folk | ASD |
fuld | adj | full | ASD | |
fylde | vb | to fill | ASD | |
politi | n | police | TLL | |
Swedish: | fjäril | n | butterfly | SAO |
flädermus | n | bat | TLL | |
folk | n.neut | folk | ASD | |
full | adj | full | ASD | |
fylla | vb | to fill | ASD | |
polis | n | police | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | filu | adj | great, very much | RPN |
filu | n.str.neut | much, many | LRC | |
fulljan | vb | to fill, fulfill | RPN | |
fullō | n | fullness | RPN | |
fulls | adj | full | LRC | |
us-filma | adj | frightened, astonished | RPN | |
us-filmei | n | astonishment | RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | complementum | n.neut | complement | W7 |
compleo, complēre | vb | to complete, fill up | W7 | |
completus | vb.ptc | completed, filled up | W7 | |
depleo, deplēre | vb | to fill | W7 | |
depletus | vb.ptc | filled | W7 | |
expleo, explēre | vb | to fill out | W7 | |
expletus | vb.ptc | filled out | W7 | |
impleo, implēre | vb | to fill up | W7 | |
palpatus | vb.ptc | palpated, caressed | W7 | |
palpitatus | vb.ptc | striken | W7 | |
palpito, palpitāre | vb | to be agitated | W7 | |
palpo, palpāre | vb | to stroke, caress | W7 | |
palus, palūdis | n.fem | swamp, marsh | W7 | |
pāpilio, pāpiliōnis | n.masc | butterfly | W7 | |
plebeius | adj | re: plebe(s) | W7 | |
plebs, plebis | n.fem | plebe, masses, common people | LRC | |
plenitudo | n.fem | plenitude | W7 | |
plēnus, plēna, plēnum | adj | plenary | RPN | |
pleō, plēre | vb | to fill, fulfill | RPN | |
plerusque, pleraeque, pleraque | adj | most, re: majority | LRC | |
pluralis | adj | plural, diverse | W7 | |
plurimum | adv | especially, very much | LRC | |
plūs, pluris | adj.comp | more | LRC | |
politicus | adj | political | W7 | |
poly- | pfx | many | W7 | |
psalterium | n.neut | psaltery | W7 | |
repleo, replēre | vb | to fill up | W7 | |
repletus | vb.ptc | filled up | W7 | |
suppleo, supplēre | vb | to supplement, fill up | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | accompleo, accomplēre | vb | to accomplish | W7 |
Late Latin: | expletivus | adj | filling out | W7 |
implementum | n.neut | action of filling up | W7 | |
metropolis | n.fem | metropolis, mother-city | W7 | |
necropolis | n.fem | necropolis, dead-city | W7 | |
palpabilis | adj | palpable | W7 | |
plēnārius | adj | entire, plenary | W7 | |
plenipotens, plenipotentis | adj | plenipotentiary | W7 | |
plenitas, plenitatis | n.fem | fullness | W7 | |
pleonasmus | n.masc | pleonasm | W7 | |
politia | n.fem | government, political organization | W7 | |
psalmus | n.masc | psalm | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | plenipotentia | n.fem | investment with full power | W7 |
plenipotentiarius | adj.n.masc | plenipotentiary | W7 | |
plethora | n.fem | plethora, multitude | W7 | |
superplus | n.masc | surplus | W7 | |
terraplenum | n.neut | median, terreplein | W7 | |
New Latin: | cosmopolis | n.fem | cosmopolitan city | W7 |
palpus | n.masc | flattery | W7 | |
plenum | n.neut | space full of matter | W7 | |
Portuguese: | cheio | adj | full | TLL |
Spanish: | cumplimiento | n.masc | compliment | W7 |
cumplir | vb | to complete, perform what is due | W7 | |
lleno | adj | plenary | TLL | |
Old French: | acomplir | vb | to complete, accomplish | AHD |
fel | adj | fell, wicked | ASD | |
paveillon | n.masc | pavilion | W7 | |
plein | adj | full | W7 | |
plenté | n.fem | plenty, fullness | W7 | |
replenir | vb | to replenish | W7 | |
Middle French: | acomplir | vb | to accomplish | W7 |
complet | adj | complete | W7 | |
plénitude | n.fem | plenitude | W7 | |
plurel | adj | plural, re: many | W7 | |
police | n.fem | policy: document, certificate | W7 | |
policie | n.fem | government, regulation, policy: sagacity | W7 | |
politique | n.fem | politic | W7 | |
psalterie | n.fem | psaltery | W7 | |
replenir | vb | to refill, replenish | W7 | |
replet | adj | replete | W7 | |
soupleier | vb | to supplement, fill up | W7 | |
surplus | n.masc | surplus, overflow | W7 | |
terreplein | n.masc | median, terreplein | W7 | |
French: | accomplir | vb | to complete, accomplish | AHD |
clinique | n.fem | medical office | W7 | |
compliment | n.masc | compliment | W7 | |
papillon | n.masc | butterfly | W7 | |
papillote | n.fem | papillote, candy in colorful twisted paper | W7 | |
plèbe | n.fem | plebe | W7 | |
plein | adj | plenary | TLL | |
Old Italian: | polizza | n.fem | policy: document, certificate | W7 |
terrapieno | n.masc | terreplein | W7 | |
Italian: | complimento | n.masc | compliment | W7 |
complire | vb | to comply | W7 | |
fello | adj | fell, wicked | ASD | |
pieno | adj | plenary | TLL | |
più | adv | piu | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | peteliške | n.fem | butterfly | W7 |
pilìs | n.fem | castle | LRC | |
pìlnas, pilnà | adj | plenary | RPN | |
Latvian: | pils | n | castle | RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | plaxъ | n | dread, fear, fright | RPN |
plašiti | vb | to scare, frighten | RPN | |
plъnъ | adj | plenary | RPN | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | plot | adv | quite, fully, completely | IEW |
politik | adj | political | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πλέων | adj.comp | more | LRC |
πλῆθος | n.neut | mass, multitude, quantity | LRC | |
πλήθω | vb | to be/become full | RPN | |
πτόλις | n | city, citadel | RPN | |
Greek: | ἀκρόπολις | n.fem | acropolis, citadel on a hill | LRC |
ἐμπίπλημι | vb | to fill | LRC | |
kosmopolitēs | adj | cosmopolitan | W7 | |
mētropolis | n.fem | metropolis, lit. mother-city | W7 | |
nekropolis | n.fem | necropolis, lit. city of the dead | W7 | |
πάλλω | vb | to sway, to shake, to swing | RPN | |
πελεμίζω | vb | to shake, make tremble | RPN | |
πίμπλημι | vb | to fill | LRC | |
πλεῖστος | adj.sup | most | LRC | |
pleiōn | adj.comp | more | W7 | |
pleonazein | vb | to be excessive | W7 | |
pleonasmos | n.masc | pleonasm | W7 | |
πλέος | adj | full | RPN | |
plēthōra | n.fem | fullness | W7 | |
πλήρης | adj | full (of) | LRC | |
πληρόω | vb | to fill | LRC | |
πολεμέω | vb | to fight, be at war | LRC | |
πολέμιος | adj/n.masc | hostile, inimical; enemy | LRC | |
πο̑λεμος | n.masc | war | LRC | |
πόλις | n.fem | polis, city, citadel | LRC | |
politeia | n.fem | polity, government, constitution | W7 | |
politeuein | vb | to be a citizen, engage in political activity | W7 | |
politēs | n.masc | citizen | W7 | |
πολιτική | n.fem | politics | LRC | |
πολιτικῶς | adj/adv | political; like statesmen | LRC | |
πολύς | adj | many | LRC | |
συμπληρόω | vb | to fill up | LRC | |
psallein | vb | to pluck, play stringed instrument | W7 | |
psalmos | n.masc | hymn, twanging of a harp | W7 | |
psaltērion | n.neut | psaltery | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | li | adj | full | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | palvala | n | pond | W7 |
pí-parti | vb | to fill, sate, nourish | RPN | |
purú-ḥ | adj | much, many, abundant | RPN | |
pū́r | n | city; wall, fortress | RPN | |
pūrṇá-ḥ | adj | full, filled | RPN | |
pṛṇā́ti | vb | to fill | RPN | |
prāṇa-ḥ | adj | full, filled | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
comp | = | comparative |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
indec | = | indeclinable/anomalous |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
obs | = | obsolete |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
sup | = | superlative |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |