Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 2a. pel-, pelə- : plā-   'to drive, propel, set in motion'

Semantic Field(s): to Drive

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: an-filt, on-filt n anvil ASD
felt n.masc felt ASD
Middle English: anfilt n anvil W7
appel n appeal, accusation W7
appelen vb to appeal, accuse W7
compellen vb to compel W7
expellen vb to expel W7
felt n felt W7
filtre n filter W7
peal n peal W7
pelten vb to pelt W7
polisshen vb to polish W7
propellen vb to propel W7
puls n pulse W7
pusshen vb to push W7
repelen vb to repeal W7
repellen vb to repel W7
English: anvil n heavy iron block where metal is shaped AHD/W7
appeal vb to accuse, charge with crime AHD/W7
catapult n device for hurling missiles AHD/W7
compel vb.trans to constrain, drive/urge with force AHD/W7
compellation n act of addressing someone AHD/W7
dispel vb.trans to dissipate, drive away by scattering AHD/W7
expel vb.trans to force out AHD/W7
felt n thick cloth made of wool/fur via heat/moisture/pressure AHD/W7
filter n porous substance through which gas/liquid is passed to extract matter in suspension AHD/W7
filtrate vb to filter AHD/W7
impel vb.trans to force, urge/drive on/forward via moral pressure AHD/W7
impulse n impulsion, act of moving with sudden force AHD/W7
interpolate vb to alter/corrupt (text) by inserting new/foreign content AHD/W7
peal n loud ringing of bell(s) AHD/W7
pelt vb to strike with succession of blows/missiles AHD/W7
plesiosaur n Mesozoic marine reptile AHD/W7
polish vb to burnish, make smooth/glossy (by friction) AHD/W7
poussette n country-dance figure with joined hands AHD
propel vb.trans to drive forward/onward AHD/W7
pulsate vb.intrans to beat, exhibit pulse AHD/W7
pulse n regular throbbing in arteries caused by heart.contractions AHD/W7
push vb to press against in order to drive/impel AHD/W7
rappel n descent of cliff using rope AHD/W7
repeal vb.trans to annul/rescind by authoritative act AHD/W7
repel vb to repulse, drive back AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Dutch: aanbeeld, aenbeld n.neut anvil ASD
pols n wrist TLL
vilt n.neut felt ASD
Low German: ambolt, ambult n.masc anvil ASD
filt n.masc felt ASD
Old High German: anafalz n anvil W7
filz n.masc felt ASD
Middle High German: vilz n.masc felt ASD
German: Amboss n.masc anvil LRC
Filz n.masc/neut felt, carded wool ASD
North Germanic  
Danish: bugsera vb to tow, haul SAO
bugserbaad n tugboat TLL
filt n.masc/fem felt ASD
Swedish: bogsera vb to tow, haul SAO
bogserbåt n tugboat TLL
filt n.masc felt ASD
filta vb to beat W7
Italic  
Latin: appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum vb to call, accost, appeal to LRC
appello, appellere vb to bring/drive to W7
catapulta n.fem catapult W7
compellatio n.fem action of rebuking, reprimanding W7
compellatus vb.ptc rebuked, addressed W7
compello, compellere vb to drive, oblige, address W7
dispello, dispellere vb to drive in different directions W7
expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum vb to drive out LRC
impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum vb to drive, move LRC
impulsus n.masc impulsion W7
impulsus vb.ptc impelled W7
interpolatus vb.ptc interpolated W7
interpolo, interpolare vb to alter, refurbish, interpolate W7
pello, pellere vb to beat, push, chase/drive out/away W7
polio, polīre vb to level, polish W7
propello, propellere vb to drive forward/away W7
prōpulsō, prōpulsāre, prōpulsāvī, prōpulsātum vb to repulse, ward off LRC
pulsatus vb.ptc striken W7
pulsō, pulsāre vb to beat, hit, strike W7
pulsus n.masc beating W7
pulsus vb.ptc beaten, striken W7
repello, repellere vb to drive away W7
Medieval Latin: filtō, filtāre vb to filter W7
filtratus vb.ptc filtrated W7
filtrum n.neut (felt used as) filter W7
Portuguese: puxar vb to pull SAO
Old French: apeler vb to appeal, call to W7
polir vb to polish W7
poulser vb to beat, push W7
rapel n.masc a recall W7
rapeler vb to recall W7
repeler vb to repeal W7
Middle French: apeler vb to appeal, call to W7
catapulte n.fem catapult W7
compellir vb to drive, oblige W7
pouls n.masc pulse W7
repeler vb to repeal W7
French: rappel n.masc encore W7
Hellenic  
Homeric Greek: πάλλω vb to hurl, swing, brandish LRC
πέλας prep/adv near(by) LRC
πλήν prep except LRC
πλησίος adj near, close LRC
Greek: katapaltēs n.masc catapult W7
παραπλήσιος adj such-like LRC

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prep=preposition
ptc=participle
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
SAO=Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etymon:    previous   |   next


  • Linguistics Research Center

    University of Texas at Austin
    PCL 5.556
    Mailcode S5490
    Austin, Texas 78712
    512-471-4566

  • For comments and inquiries, or to report issues, please contact the Web Master at UTLRC@utexas.edu