Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2a. pel-, pelə- : plā- 'to drive, propel, set in motion'
Semantic Field(s): to Drive
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | an-filt, on-filt | n | anvil | ASD |
felt | n.masc | felt | ASD | |
Middle English: | anfilt | n | anvil | W7 |
appel | n | appeal, accusation | W7 | |
appelen | vb | to appeal, accuse | W7 | |
compellen | vb | to compel | W7 | |
expellen | vb | to expel | W7 | |
felt | n | felt | W7 | |
filtre | n | filter | W7 | |
peal | n | peal | W7 | |
pelten | vb | to pelt | W7 | |
polisshen | vb | to polish | W7 | |
propellen | vb | to propel | W7 | |
puls | n | pulse | W7 | |
pusshen | vb | to push | W7 | |
repelen | vb | to repeal | W7 | |
repellen | vb | to repel | W7 | |
English: | anvil | n | heavy iron block where metal is shaped | AHD/W7 |
appeal | vb | to accuse, charge with crime | AHD/W7 | |
catapult | n | device for hurling missiles | AHD/W7 | |
compel | vb.trans | to constrain, drive/urge with force | AHD/W7 | |
compellation | n | act of addressing someone | AHD/W7 | |
dispel | vb.trans | to dissipate, drive away by scattering | AHD/W7 | |
expel | vb.trans | to force out | AHD/W7 | |
felt | n | thick cloth made of wool/fur via heat/moisture/pressure | AHD/W7 | |
filter | n | porous substance through which gas/liquid is passed to extract matter in suspension | AHD/W7 | |
filtrate | vb | to filter | AHD/W7 | |
impel | vb.trans | to force, urge/drive on/forward via moral pressure | AHD/W7 | |
impulse | n | impulsion, act of moving with sudden force | AHD/W7 | |
interpolate | vb | to alter/corrupt (text) by inserting new/foreign content | AHD/W7 | |
peal | n | loud ringing of bell(s) | AHD/W7 | |
pelt | vb | to strike with succession of blows/missiles | AHD/W7 | |
plesiosaur | n | Mesozoic marine reptile | AHD/W7 | |
polish | vb | to burnish, make smooth/glossy (by friction) | AHD/W7 | |
poussette | n | country-dance figure with joined hands | AHD | |
propel | vb.trans | to drive forward/onward | AHD/W7 | |
pulsate | vb.intrans | to beat, exhibit pulse | AHD/W7 | |
pulse | n | regular throbbing in arteries caused by heart.contractions | AHD/W7 | |
push | vb | to press against in order to drive/impel | AHD/W7 | |
rappel | n | descent of cliff using rope | AHD/W7 | |
repeal | vb.trans | to annul/rescind by authoritative act | AHD/W7 | |
repel | vb | to repulse, drive back | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | aanbeeld, aenbeld | n.neut | anvil | ASD |
pols | n | wrist | TLL | |
vilt | n.neut | felt | ASD | |
Low German: | ambolt, ambult | n.masc | anvil | ASD |
filt | n.masc | felt | ASD | |
Old High German: | anafalz | n | anvil | W7 |
filz | n.masc | felt | ASD | |
Middle High German: | vilz | n.masc | felt | ASD |
German: | Amboss | n.masc | anvil | LRC |
Filz | n.masc/neut | felt, carded wool | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Danish: | bugsera | vb | to tow, haul | SAO |
bugserbaad | n | tugboat | TLL | |
filt | n.masc/fem | felt | ASD | |
Swedish: | bogsera | vb | to tow, haul | SAO |
bogserbåt | n | tugboat | TLL | |
filt | n.masc | felt | ASD | |
filta | vb | to beat | W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum | vb | to call, accost, appeal to | LRC |
appello, appellere | vb | to bring/drive to | W7 | |
catapulta | n.fem | catapult | W7 | |
compellatio | n.fem | action of rebuking, reprimanding | W7 | |
compellatus | vb.ptc | rebuked, addressed | W7 | |
compello, compellere | vb | to drive, oblige, address | W7 | |
dispello, dispellere | vb | to drive in different directions | W7 | |
expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum | vb | to drive out | LRC | |
impellō, impellere, impulī, impulsum | vb | to drive, move | LRC | |
impulsus | n.masc | impulsion | W7 | |
impulsus | vb.ptc | impelled | W7 | |
interpolatus | vb.ptc | interpolated | W7 | |
interpolo, interpolare | vb | to alter, refurbish, interpolate | W7 | |
pello, pellere | vb | to beat, push, chase/drive out/away | W7 | |
polio, polīre | vb | to level, polish | W7 | |
propello, propellere | vb | to drive forward/away | W7 | |
prōpulsō, prōpulsāre, prōpulsāvī, prōpulsātum | vb | to repulse, ward off | LRC | |
pulsatus | vb.ptc | striken | W7 | |
pulsō, pulsāre | vb | to beat, hit, strike | W7 | |
pulsus | n.masc | beating | W7 | |
pulsus | vb.ptc | beaten, striken | W7 | |
repello, repellere | vb | to drive away | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | filtō, filtāre | vb | to filter | W7 |
filtratus | vb.ptc | filtrated | W7 | |
filtrum | n.neut | (felt used as) filter | W7 | |
Portuguese: | puxar | vb | to pull | SAO |
Old French: | apeler | vb | to appeal, call to | W7 |
polir | vb | to polish | W7 | |
poulser | vb | to beat, push | W7 | |
rapel | n.masc | a recall | W7 | |
rapeler | vb | to recall | W7 | |
repeler | vb | to repeal | W7 | |
Middle French: | apeler | vb | to appeal, call to | W7 |
catapulte | n.fem | catapult | W7 | |
compellir | vb | to drive, oblige | W7 | |
pouls | n.masc | pulse | W7 | |
repeler | vb | to repeal | W7 | |
French: | rappel | n.masc | encore | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πάλλω | vb | to hurl, swing, brandish | LRC |
πέλας | prep/adv | near(by) | LRC | |
πλήν | prep | except | LRC | |
πλησίος | adj | near, close | LRC | |
Greek: | katapaltēs | n.masc | catapult | W7 |
παραπλήσιος | adj | such-like | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |