Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2c. per-, perə- 'to sell, impart'
Semantic Field(s): to Sell
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | rann | n | part | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | part | n.masc | part | ASD |
Middle English: | appreisen, apraysen | vb | to appraise | CDC/W7 |
aprisen, apraysen | vb.trans | to apprize | CDC | |
comparen | vb | to compare | W7 | |
interpreten | vb | to interpret | W7 | |
paire | n | pair | W7 | |
parcel | n | parcel | W7 | |
part | n | part | W7 | |
parten | vb | to part | W7 | |
particle | n | particle | W7 | |
partie | n | part, party | W7 | |
peer | n | peer | W7 | |
portion | n | portion | W7 | |
praisen | vb | to praise | W7 | |
precious | adj | precious | W7 | |
pris | n | prize, price | W7 | |
proporcion | n | proportion | W7 | |
English: | appraise | vb.trans | to set value on, estimate amount of | AHD/W7 |
appreciate | vb | to evaluate worth/quality/significance of | AHD/W7 | |
apprize | vb | to value, appreciate | W7 | |
bipartite | adj | being in two parts | AHD/W7 | |
compare | vb | to liken, represent as similar | AHD/W7 | |
compart | vb.trans | to mark/divide out into parts | AHD/W7 | |
depreciate | vb | to lower price/estimated value of | AHD/W7 | |
imparity | n | disparity, inequality | AHD/W7 | |
impart | vb.trans | to transmit, give/grant from one's store/abundance | AHD/W7 | |
interpret | vb | to elucidate, explain meaning of | AHD/W7 | |
nonpareil | adj | having no equal | AHD/W7 | |
nonpareil | n | paragon, individual of unequalled excellence | AHD/W7 | |
pair | n | two things (designed) for dual use | AHD/W7 | |
par | n | comparative values of currencies | AHD/W7 | |
parcel | n | portion, fragment | AHD/W7 | |
parcener | n | coparcener: joint heir | AHD/W7 | |
pari-mutuel | n | race betting where winners divide total amount bet | AHD | |
parse | vb | to describe sentence grammatically | AHD | |
part | n | portion resulting from division | AHD/W7 | |
part | vb | to separate from, take leave of | AHD/W7 | |
particle | n | clause/article of document/composition | AHD/W7 | |
partisan | n | supporter, one who takes part of another | AHD/W7 | |
partisan | n | weapon with long shaft/broad blade | AHD/W7 | |
partita | n | repetition with modification | AHD/W7 | |
party | n | group/person taking one side of question/dispute/contest | AHD/W7 | |
peer | n | equal, one with equal standing | AHD/W7 | |
pornography | n | depiction of erotic behavior | AHD/W7 | |
portion | n | individual's part/share of something | AHD/W7 | |
praise | vb | to commend, express favorable judgment of | AHD/W7 | |
Precious | prop.n | the One Ring in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
precious | adj | of high price/great value | AHD/W7 | |
price | n | worth, value | AHD/W7 | |
proportion | n | ratio, relation of part to part/whole w.r.t. degree/quantity/magnitude | AHD/W7 | |
repartee | n | quick/witty reply | AHD/W7 | |
British English: | apprise | vb | to apprize | LRC |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | Preis | n.masc | price | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | bipartio, bipartīre | vb | to divide in two | W7 |
compar | adj | like | W7 | |
comparo, comparāre | vb | to couple, compare | W7 | |
impār | adj | odd, uneven, unequal | W7 | |
impartio, impartire | vb | to share | W7 | |
interpres, interpretis | n.masc/fem | agent, interpreter, negotiator | W7 | |
interpretor, interpretari | vb.dep | to be agent/interpreter/negotiator | W7 | |
pār | adj | even, equal | RPN | |
paria | n.neut.pl | equal things | W7 | |
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum | vb | to prepare, obtain | LRC | |
pars, partis | n.fem | part, share, portion | RPN | |
particula | n.fem.dim | small part | W7 | |
partio, partīre | vb | to divide | W7 | |
partior, partiri | vb.dep | to share | W7 | |
portiō, portiōnis | n.fem | part, portion, division | RPN | |
pretiosus | adj | precious | W7 | |
pretium | n.neut | price, money, value | W7 | |
prōportiō, prōportiōnis | n.fem | analogy | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | pariculus | adj | equal | W7 |
particella | n.fem | small part | W7 | |
Late Latin: | appretiare | vb.trans | to appraise, purchase | CDC |
appretiatus | vb.ptc | appraised | W7 | |
appretio, appretiāre | vb | to fix a price | W7 | |
compartior, compartiri | vb.dep | to share out | W7 | |
depretiatus | vb.ptc | depreciated | W7 | |
depretio, depretiāre | vb | to depreciate | W7 | |
imparitas | n.fem | imparity | W7 | |
pretio, pretiāre | vb | to prize, value, esteem | W7 | |
Portuguese: | apreçar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
Spanish: | apreciar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
Old French: | apretier, aprisier | vb.trans | to price, appraise | CDC |
apris(i)er, apretier | vb.trans | to apprize | CDC | |
paire | n.fem | pair | W7 | |
parçon | n.fem | portion | W7 | |
parçonier | adj.n.masc | comrade, associate | W7 | |
partie | n.fem | division | W7 | |
partir | vb | to depart, divide | W7 | |
portion | n.fem | portion | W7 | |
precios | adj | precious | W7 | |
pris | n.masc | price | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | parcener | vb | to partition | W7 |
Middle French: | aprisier | vb | to apprize | W7 |
comparer | vb | to compare | W7 | |
impart | n.masc | lot given | W7 | |
impartir | vb | to impart | W7 | |
interpreter | vb | to interpret | W7 | |
nonpareil | adj | unequal | W7 | |
parcel | n.masc | small part | W7 | |
pareil | adj | equal | W7 | |
partir | vb | to divide | W7 | |
partisan | n.masc | partisan, fan | W7 | |
partisane | n.fem | female partisan | W7 | |
preisier | vb | to prize, praise | W7 | |
proportion | n.fem | proportion | W7 | |
repartir | vb | to go again | W7 | |
French: | apprécier | vb | to appraise | CDC |
nonpareil | adj | sensational, unequalled | W7 | |
répartie | n.fem | quick/witty answer | W7 | |
répartir | vb | to retort | W7 | |
Old Occitan: | apreciar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
Old Italian: | parte | n.fem | part, party | W7 |
partigiana | n.fem | weapon of 16th-17th centuries | W7 | |
partigiano | n.masc | weapon of 16th-17th centuries | W7 | |
Italian: | appregiare, apprezare | vb | to appraise | CDC |
compartire | vb | to divide | W7 | |
partire | vb | to divide | W7 | |
partita | n.fem | partita; game, match | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | pir̃kti, per̃ka, pir̃ko | vb | to buy | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | περάω | vb | to sell abroad | RPN |
pernanai | vb | to sell | W7 | |
πορεῖν | vb | to offer, present, furnish | RPN | |
pornē | n.fem | harlot | W7 | |
pornographos | n.masc | writing of harlots | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | pár-ši-ya-az-zi | vb.3.sg | to break, divide | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | pūrtá-m | n | gift, reward | RPN |
prati- | pfx | near, towards, against, in return | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
3 | = | 3rd person |
adj | = | adjective |
dep | = | deponent |
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sg | = | singular (number) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |