Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2c. per-, perə- 'to sell, impart'
Semantic Field(s): to Sell
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | rann | n | part | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | part | n.masc | part | ASD |
| Middle English: | appreisen, apraysen | vb | to appraise | CDC/W7 |
| aprisen, apraysen | vb.trans | to apprize | CDC | |
| comparen | vb | to compare | W7 | |
| interpreten | vb | to interpret | W7 | |
| paire | n | pair | W7 | |
| parcel | n | parcel | W7 | |
| part | n | part | W7 | |
| parten | vb | to part | W7 | |
| particle | n | particle | W7 | |
| partie | n | part, party | W7 | |
| peer | n | peer | W7 | |
| portion | n | portion | W7 | |
| praisen | vb | to praise | W7 | |
| precious | adj | precious | W7 | |
| pris | n | prize, price | W7 | |
| proporcion | n | proportion | W7 | |
| English: | appraise | vb.trans | to set value on, estimate amount of | AHD/W7 |
| appreciate | vb | to evaluate worth/quality/significance of | AHD/W7 | |
| apprize | vb | to value, appreciate | W7 | |
| bipartite | adj | being in two parts | AHD/W7 | |
| compare | vb | to liken, represent as similar | AHD/W7 | |
| compart | vb.trans | to mark/divide out into parts | AHD/W7 | |
| depreciate | vb | to lower price/estimated value of | AHD/W7 | |
| imparity | n | disparity, inequality | AHD/W7 | |
| impart | vb.trans | to transmit, give/grant from one's store/abundance | AHD/W7 | |
| interpret | vb | to elucidate, explain meaning of | AHD/W7 | |
| nonpareil | adj | having no equal | AHD/W7 | |
| nonpareil | n | paragon, individual of unequalled excellence | AHD/W7 | |
| pair | n | two things (designed) for dual use | AHD/W7 | |
| par | n | comparative values of currencies | AHD/W7 | |
| parcel | n | portion, fragment | AHD/W7 | |
| parcener | n | coparcener: joint heir | AHD/W7 | |
| pari-mutuel | n | race betting where winners divide total amount bet | AHD | |
| parse | vb | to describe sentence grammatically | AHD | |
| part | n | portion resulting from division | AHD/W7 | |
| part | vb | to separate from, take leave of | AHD/W7 | |
| particle | n | clause/article of document/composition | AHD/W7 | |
| partisan | n | supporter, one who takes part of another | AHD/W7 | |
| partisan | n | weapon with long shaft/broad blade | AHD/W7 | |
| partita | n | repetition with modification | AHD/W7 | |
| party | n | group/person taking one side of question/dispute/contest | AHD/W7 | |
| peer | n | equal, one with equal standing | AHD/W7 | |
| pornography | n | depiction of erotic behavior | AHD/W7 | |
| portion | n | individual's part/share of something | AHD/W7 | |
| praise | vb | to commend, express favorable judgment of | AHD/W7 | |
| Precious | prop.n | the One Ring in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| precious | adj | of high price/great value | AHD/W7 | |
| price | n | worth, value | AHD/W7 | |
| proportion | n | ratio, relation of part to part/whole w.r.t. degree/quantity/magnitude | AHD/W7 | |
| repartee | n | quick/witty reply | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | apprise | vb | to apprize | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Preis | n.masc | price | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | bipartio, bipartīre | vb | to divide in two | W7 |
| compar | adj | like | W7 | |
| comparo, comparāre | vb | to couple, compare | W7 | |
| impār | adj | odd, uneven, unequal | W7 | |
| impartio, impartire | vb | to share | W7 | |
| interpres, interpretis | n.masc/fem | agent, interpreter, negotiator | W7 | |
| interpretor, interpretari | vb.dep | to be agent/interpreter/negotiator | W7 | |
| pār | adj | even, equal | RPN | |
| paria | n.neut.pl | equal things | W7 | |
| parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum | vb | to prepare, obtain | LRC | |
| pars, partis | n.fem | part, share, portion | RPN | |
| particula | n.fem.dim | small part | W7 | |
| partio, partīre | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| partior, partiri | vb.dep | to share | W7 | |
| portiō, portiōnis | n.fem | part, portion, division | RPN | |
| pretiosus | adj | precious | W7 | |
| pretium | n.neut | price, money, value | W7 | |
| prōportiō, prōportiōnis | n.fem | analogy | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | pariculus | adj | equal | W7 |
| particella | n.fem | small part | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | appretiare | vb.trans | to appraise, purchase | CDC |
| appretiatus | vb.ptc | appraised | W7 | |
| appretio, appretiāre | vb | to fix a price | W7 | |
| compartior, compartiri | vb.dep | to share out | W7 | |
| depretiatus | vb.ptc | depreciated | W7 | |
| depretio, depretiāre | vb | to depreciate | W7 | |
| imparitas | n.fem | imparity | W7 | |
| pretio, pretiāre | vb | to prize, value, esteem | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | apreçar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
| Spanish: | apreciar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
| Old French: | apretier, aprisier | vb.trans | to price, appraise | CDC |
| apris(i)er, apretier | vb.trans | to apprize | CDC | |
| paire | n.fem | pair | W7 | |
| parçon | n.fem | portion | W7 | |
| parçonier | adj.n.masc | comrade, associate | W7 | |
| partie | n.fem | division | W7 | |
| partir | vb | to depart, divide | W7 | |
| portion | n.fem | portion | W7 | |
| precios | adj | precious | W7 | |
| pris | n.masc | price | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | parcener | vb | to partition | W7 |
| Middle French: | aprisier | vb | to apprize | W7 |
| comparer | vb | to compare | W7 | |
| impart | n.masc | lot given | W7 | |
| impartir | vb | to impart | W7 | |
| interpreter | vb | to interpret | W7 | |
| nonpareil | adj | unequal | W7 | |
| parcel | n.masc | small part | W7 | |
| pareil | adj | equal | W7 | |
| partir | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| partisan | n.masc | partisan, fan | W7 | |
| partisane | n.fem | female partisan | W7 | |
| preisier | vb | to prize, praise | W7 | |
| proportion | n.fem | proportion | W7 | |
| repartir | vb | to go again | W7 | |
| French: | apprécier | vb | to appraise | CDC |
| nonpareil | adj | sensational, unequalled | W7 | |
| répartie | n.fem | quick/witty answer | W7 | |
| répartir | vb | to retort | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | apreciar | vb | to appraise | CDC |
| Old Italian: | parte | n.fem | part, party | W7 |
| partigiana | n.fem | weapon of 16th-17th centuries | W7 | |
| partigiano | n.masc | weapon of 16th-17th centuries | W7 | |
| Italian: | appregiare, apprezare | vb | to appraise | CDC |
| compartire | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| partire | vb | to divide | W7 | |
| partita | n.fem | partita; game, match | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pir̃kti, per̃ka, pir̃ko | vb | to buy | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | περάω | vb | to sell abroad | RPN |
| pernanai | vb | to sell | W7 | |
| πορεῖν | vb | to offer, present, furnish | RPN | |
| pornē | n.fem | harlot | W7 | |
| pornographos | n.masc | writing of harlots | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | pár-ši-ya-az-zi | vb.3.sg | to break, divide | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | pūrtá-m | n | gift, reward | RPN |
| prati- | pfx | near, towards, against, in return | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |