Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 2d. per-   'to bear (a child)'

Semantic Field(s): Pregnant, to Bear (of Mother)

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: fearr n.masc bull, ox RPN
hēahfore n.fem heifer W7
Middle English: apparale n gear, apparel, preparations MEV
appareillen vb to apparel W7
emperor n emperor W7
hayfare n heifer W7
imperial adj imperial W7
junipere n juniper W7
paren vb to pare W7
parent n parent W7
preparen vb to prepare W7
repairen vb to repair W7
separaten vb to separate W7
several adj several W7
severen vb to sever W7
English: apparatus n equipment/materials for certain use AHD/W7
apparel n attire, equipment W7
apparel vb.trans to dress, put clothes on AHD/W7
comprador n Chinese agent engaged by foreign establishment in China AHD/W7
disparate adj dissimilar, distinct in quality/character AHD/W7
emperor n supreme/sovereign monarch of empire AHD/W7
heifer n young cow AHD/W7
imperative adj re: grammatical mood expressing will to influence behavior AHD/W7
imperator n army commander in Roman Republic AHD
imperial adj re: empire/emperor AHD/W7
juniper n evergreen tree/shrub of pine family AHD/W7
multipara n female that has borne offspring 2+ times CDC
nullipara n female that has borne no offspring AHD
-para n.sfx woman delivered of (number of) children AHD/W7
parachute n light fabric device for descending in air AHD/W7
parade n exhibition, pompous show AHD/W7
parasol n lightweight umbrella for blocking sun AHD/W7
pare vb.trans to trim/shave off AHD/W7
parent n one that begets/brings forth offspring AHD/W7
parity n equal/equivalent AHD/W7
parlay vb.trans to wage series of bets AHD/W7
-parous adj producing, giving birth to AHD/W7
parry vb to ward off blow/weapon AHD/W7
parturient adj re: bringing forth young AHD/W7
parure n matched set of jewelry/ornaments AHD/W7
postpartum adj re: period shortly after childbirth AHD
prepare vb to make ready AHD/W7
primipara n female bearing first offspring AHD/W7
rampart n fortification: embankment (with parapet atop) AHD
repair vb to fix, restore by replacing/reassembling torn/broken part(s) AHD/W7
repertory n repository, place where thing may be found AHD/W7
separate vb to sever, disconnect, set/keep apart AHD/W7
sever vb to divide, put/keep apart AHD/W7
several adj different, separate/distinct from others AHD/W7
viper n common European venomous snake AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Dutch: var(re) n.masc bull, bullock ASD
Old High German: farro, far(ri) n.masc bull, bullock ASD/RPN
Middle High German: var(re) n.masc bull, bullock ASD
German: Farr(e) n.masc bullock ASD
North Germanic  
Old Icelandic: farri n.masc bullock RPN
frjó n seed RPN
frjóa vb to be/make fertile RPN
frjó-ligr adj fruitful RPN
frjór adj fertile RPN
frjó-samr adj fruitful RPN
fræ n seed RPN
Icelandic: farri n.masc bullock ASD
East Germanic  
Gothic: fraiw n seed RPN
Italic  
Latin: apparatus n.masc thing(s) belonging with something W7
apparatus vb.ptc prepared W7
apparo, apparāre vb to prepare W7
disparatus vb.ptc separated W7
disparo, disparare vb to separate W7
imperator n.masc commander W7
imperatus vb.ptc commanded W7
imperium n.neut command; empire W7
impero, imperāre vb to command W7
juniperus n.fem juniper W7
par adj equal W7
-para, -parus sfx giving birth W7
parens, parentis n.masc/fem parent, father, mother W7
pariō, parere, peperī, partum vb to bear, bring forth RPN
paritas n.fem equality W7
parō, parāre vb to prepare, equip, make ready ELD/W7
parturiens, parturientis vb.pres.ptc in labor W7
parturio, parturire vb to be in labor W7
praeparo, praeparare vb to prepare W7
reparo, reparāre vb to fix W7
reperio, reperīre vb to find W7
repertus vb.ptc found W7
separ adv separate W7
separatus vb.ptc separated W7
sēparo, sēparare vb to sever, separate W7
vipera n.fem viper, snake W7
Vulgar Latin: appariculo, appariculare vb to equip W7
Late Latin: imperativus adj re: command W7
imperialis adj re: empire W7
repertorium n.neut list W7
Medieval Latin: separalis adj separate W7
Portuguese: comprador n.masc buyer W7
Old French: aparail n gear, preparations MEV
apareillier vb to prepare W7
empereor n.masc emperor, commander W7
parer vb to prepare, adorn W7
pareure n.fem parure, jewels, woman's dress W7
Anglo-French: several adj not numerous W7
Middle French: impérial adj re: empire W7
parade n.fem parade, defensive blow, preparation W7
parent n.masc parent, father W7
parer vb to prepare W7
préparer vb to prepare W7
réparer vb to fix W7
sévèrer vb to sever W7
vipere n.fem viper W7
French: para- pfx against, on the side W7
parachute n.masc parachute W7
parade n.fem parade W7
parasol n.masc parasol: sun umbrella W7
parer vb to prepare, counteract W7
parez vb.imp prepare W7
parure n.fem outfit, jewelry worn by woman W7
remparer vb to fortify ODE
rempart n rampart, battlement ODE
Old Provençal: parar vb to prepare W7
Italian: paro adj equal W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: periù, perė́ti vb to hatch RPN
Hellenic  
Homeric Greek: πόρταξ, πόρ(τ)ις n calf, heifer RPN
Armenian  
Armenian: ortʰ n calf, heifer RPN
Indic  
Sanskrit: pṛthuka-ḥ n young animal RPN

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
imp=imperative (mood)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pfx=prefix
pres=present (tense)
ptc=participle
sfx=suffix
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD=Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
MEV=J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
ODE=C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etymon:    previous   |   next


  • Linguistics Research Center

    University of Texas at Austin
    PCL 5.556
    Mailcode S5490
    Austin, Texas 78712
    512-471-4566

  • For comments and inquiries, or to report issues, please contact the Web Master at UTLRC@utexas.edu