Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2e. per- 'to dare, risk, try; peril, danger'
Semantic Field(s): to Dare, Peril, Danger
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | fǣr, fēr | n.masc | fear | ASD |
| Middle English: | experience | n | experience | W7 |
| experiment | n | experiment | W7 | |
| expert | adj/n | expert | W7 | |
| fer | n | fear | W7 | |
| parlous | adj | parlous | W7 | |
| peril | n | peril | W7 | |
| perilous | adj | perilous | W7 | |
| pirate | n | pirate | W7 | |
| English: | empiric | n | charlatan | AHD/W7 |
| experience | n | perception/apprehension of event/reality | AHD/W7 | |
| experiment | n | trial, test | AHD/W7 | |
| expert | adj | experienced, knowledgeable | AHD/W7 | |
| expert | n | authority, one who has acquired skill/knowledge in subject | AHD/W7 | |
| fear | n | emotion due to peril/danger | AHD/W7 | |
| parlous | adj | perilous: hazardous, fraught with risk/danger | AHD/W7 | |
| peril | n | danger, exposure to risk of injury/destruction/being lost | AHD/W7 | |
| pirate | n | corsair, buccaneer, one who commits/practices piracy | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | gevaar | n.neut | fear, danger | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | fār | n.masc | fear, ambush | ASD |
| Low German: | vare | n.fem | fear, danger | ASD |
| Old High German: | fāra | n.fem | fear, peril, ambush | ASD |
| Middle High German: | vār(e) | n.masc | fear, snares | ASD |
| German: | Fahr, Gefahr | n.fem | fear, peril | ASD |
| Pirat | n.masc | pirate | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | fár | n.neut | fear, malice, mischief | LRC |
| Icelandic: | fār | n.neut | fear, harm, plague | ASD |
| Danish: | fare | n.masc/fem | fear, danger | ASD |
| Swedish: | fara | n.fem | fear, peril | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | empiricus | adj | empiric | W7 |
| experiens, experientis | adj/vb.ptc | trying | W7 | |
| experientia | n.fem | experience, act of trying | W7 | |
| experimentum | n.neut | experiment | W7 | |
| experior, experīrī | vb.dep | to test, try out, experience | W7 | |
| expertus | adj/vb.ptc | expert | W7 | |
| imperitus, imperita, imperitum | adj | inexperienced | LRC | |
| periculum, periculi | n.neut | danger | LRC | |
| -periri | vb.sfx | to experience | W7 | |
| pirata | n.masc | pirate | W7 | |
| Old French: | peril | n.masc | peril, danger | W7 |
| Middle French: | expérience | n.fem | experience, act of trying | W7 |
| expert | adj | expert | W7 | |
| pirate | n.masc | pirate | W7 | |
| French: | expert | adj | expert | W7 |
| expert | n.masc | expert | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πειρά(ζ)ω | vb | to test, attempt, make trial of | LRC |
| Greek: | ἐκπειράομαι | vb | to tempt | LRC |
| empeiria | n.fem | experience | W7 | |
| emperirikos | adj | relying on experience alone | W7 | |
| πειρασμός | n.masc | temptation | LRC | |
| peiratēs | n.masc | pirate | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
