Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. sal- 'sal, salt; brackish water'
Semantic Field(s): Salt, Water
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | salann | n | salt | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | sealt | n.neut | salt | ASD |
sealt-ȳð | n.str.fem | lit. salt-wave | LRC | |
Middle English: | cylte | n | silt | W7 |
salade | n | salad | W7 | |
salarie | n | salary | W7 | |
saline | adj | saline | W7 | |
salt | n | salt | W7 | |
sauce | n | sauce | W7 | |
sausige | n | sausage | W7 | |
sousen | vb | to souse | W7 | |
English: | coleslaw | n | salad of raw cabbage | W7 |
hal(o)- | pfx | salt | AHD | |
sal | n | salt | AHD | |
salad | n | raw vegetables served with dressing | AHD/W7 | |
salami | n | highly seasoned pork/beef sausage | AHD/W7 | |
salary | n | stipend, fixed compensation paid for services | AHD/W7 | |
sali- | pfx | salt | AHD | |
saline | adj | containing/consisting of salt | AHD/W7 | |
salsa | n | spicy condiment sauce | AHD | |
salt | adj | salty, saline, re: salt | AHD/W7 | |
salt | n | sodium chloride (used to season/preserve food) | AHD/W7 | |
saltcellar | n | small dish for holding/dispensing salt | AHD | |
sauce | n | relish/condiment for food | AHD/W7 | |
sausage | n | highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in intestinal casings | AHD/W7 | |
silt | n | loose sedimentary material with tiny rock particles | AHD/W7 | |
slaw | n | coleslaw | W7 | |
souse | vb | to pickle | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
Dutch: | koolsla | n | coleslaw, lit. cabbage salad | W7 |
sla | n | slaw, salad, lettuce | TLL/W7 | |
Old Saxon: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
Old Low German: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
Old High German: | salz | n | salt | W7 |
sulza | n | brine | W7 | |
sulza | n | salt marsh | W7 | |
German: | Kopfsalat | n | lettuce, lit. head-salad | TLL |
Salz | n.neut | salt | LRC | |
Sole | n.fem | brine | LRC | |
Sulze, Sülze | n.fem | brine, aspic | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
Danish: | salat | n | salad, lettuce | TLL |
sylt | n | salt marsh | W7 | |
Swedish: | sallad | n | salad, lettuce | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | salt | n | salt | LRC |
Crimean Gothic: | salt | n | salt | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | sāl, salis | n.masc | sal, brine, sea(water) | W7 |
salarium | n.neut | salary, salt money, pension | W7 | |
salarius | adj | re: salt | W7 | |
salinus | adj | re: salt | W7 | |
sallo, sallere | vb | to salt | W7 | |
salsus | adj | salted | W7 | |
Late Latin: | salsicia | n.fem | sausage | W7 |
Portuguese: | sal | n | salt | TLL |
Spanish: | sal | n | salt | TLL |
Old North French: | saussiche | n.fem | sausage | W7 |
Middle French: | salade | n.fem | salad | W7 |
sauce | n.fem | sauce, gravy | W7 | |
French: | sel | n | salt | TLL |
Old Provençal: | sal | n.masc | salt | W7 |
salada | n.fem | salad | W7 | |
salar | vb | to salt | W7 | |
Italian: | salame | n.masc | salami | W7 |
salami | n.masc | salami | W7 | |
salare | vb | to salt | W7 | |
sale | n.masc | salt | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | sāls | n | salt | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | solь | n.fem | salt | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἅλς | n.masc | salt | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | ał | n | salt | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sal-ilá | n | sea | LRC |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian A: | sāle | n | salt | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |