Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. sal- 'sal, salt; brackish water'
Semantic Field(s): Salt, Water
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | salann | n | salt | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sealt | n.neut | salt | ASD |
| sealt-ȳð | n.str.fem | lit. salt-wave | LRC | |
| Middle English: | cylte | n | silt | W7 |
| salade | n | salad | W7 | |
| salarie | n | salary | W7 | |
| saline | adj | saline | W7 | |
| salt | n | salt | W7 | |
| sauce | n | sauce | W7 | |
| sausige | n | sausage | W7 | |
| sousen | vb | to souse | W7 | |
| English: | coleslaw | n | salad of raw cabbage | W7 |
| hal(o)- | pfx | salt | AHD | |
| sal | n | salt | AHD | |
| salad | n | raw vegetables served with dressing | AHD/W7 | |
| salami | n | highly seasoned pork/beef sausage | AHD/W7 | |
| salary | n | stipend, fixed compensation paid for services | AHD/W7 | |
| sali- | pfx | salt | AHD | |
| saline | adj | containing/consisting of salt | AHD/W7 | |
| salsa | n | spicy condiment sauce | AHD | |
| salt | adj | salty, saline, re: salt | AHD/W7 | |
| salt | n | sodium chloride (used to season/preserve food) | AHD/W7 | |
| saltcellar | n | small dish for holding/dispensing salt | AHD | |
| sauce | n | relish/condiment for food | AHD/W7 | |
| sausage | n | highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in intestinal casings | AHD/W7 | |
| silt | n | loose sedimentary material with tiny rock particles | AHD/W7 | |
| slaw | n | coleslaw | W7 | |
| souse | vb | to pickle | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
| Dutch: | koolsla | n | coleslaw, lit. cabbage salad | W7 |
| sla | n | slaw, salad, lettuce | TLL/W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
| Old Low German: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
| Old High German: | salz | n | salt | W7 |
| sulza | n | brine | W7 | |
| sulza | n | salt marsh | W7 | |
| German: | Kopfsalat | n | lettuce, lit. head-salad | TLL |
| Salz | n.neut | salt | LRC | |
| Sole | n.fem | brine | LRC | |
| Sulze, Sülze | n.fem | brine, aspic | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | salt | n | salt | ASD |
| Danish: | salat | n | salad, lettuce | TLL |
| sylt | n | salt marsh | W7 | |
| Swedish: | sallad | n | salad, lettuce | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | salt | n | salt | LRC |
| Crimean Gothic: | salt | n | salt | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sāl, salis | n.masc | sal, brine, sea(water) | W7 |
| salarium | n.neut | salary, salt money, pension | W7 | |
| salarius | adj | re: salt | W7 | |
| salinus | adj | re: salt | W7 | |
| sallo, sallere | vb | to salt | W7 | |
| salsus | adj | salted | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | salsicia | n.fem | sausage | W7 |
| Portuguese: | sal | n | salt | TLL |
| Spanish: | sal | n | salt | TLL |
| Old North French: | saussiche | n.fem | sausage | W7 |
| Middle French: | salade | n.fem | salad | W7 |
| sauce | n.fem | sauce, gravy | W7 | |
| French: | sel | n | salt | TLL |
| Old Provençal: | sal | n.masc | salt | W7 |
| salada | n.fem | salad | W7 | |
| salar | vb | to salt | W7 | |
| Italian: | salame | n.masc | salami | W7 |
| salami | n.masc | salami | W7 | |
| salare | vb | to salt | W7 | |
| sale | n.masc | salt | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | sāls | n | salt | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | solь | n.fem | salt | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἅλς | n.masc | salt | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ał | n | salt | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sal-ilá | n | sea | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | sāle | n | salt | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
