Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- 'Sol, sun'
Semantic Field(s): Sun
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sigel, sægl, segl | n.neut | Sol; (name for) S-rune | ASD |
| sunna | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
| sunne | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
| sūð | adj/adv | south; southerly | LRC | |
| sūðan | adv | from the south | ASD | |
| sūðerne | adj | southern | W7 | |
| sūðe-weard | adj | southward | LRC | |
| Sūð-Seaxan, Sūð-Seaxe | prop.n.masc.pl | Sussex, lit. South Saxons | ASD | |
| sūð-stæð | n.neut | south shore | LRC | |
| Middle English: | Sol | prop.n | Sol | W7 |
| sol | n | sol | W7 | |
| solar | adj | solar | W7 | |
| south | adj/adv | south | W7 | |
| southern | adj | southern | W7 | |
| southren | adj | southern | W7 | |
| sunne | n | sun | W7 | |
| turnesole | n | turnsole | W7 | |
| English: | anthelion | n | bright white spot on parhelic circle opposite sun | AHD/W7 |
| aphelion | n | point in comet/planet orbit most distant from sun | AHD/W7 | |
| girasol | n | Jerusalem artichoke | AHD/W7 | |
| heliacal | adj | re: sun | AHD/W7 | |
| helio- | pfx | sun | AHD | |
| heliocentric | adj | lit. sun-centered | LRC | |
| Helios | prop.n | sun god (Greek mythology) | W7 | |
| helium | n | light colorless inert gas | AHD/W7 | |
| insolate | vb | to expose to sun's rays | AHD/W7 | |
| isohel | n | map/chart line depicting places with equal sunshine duration | AHD/W7 | |
| parasol | n | lightweight umbrella used as sunshade | AHD/W7 | |
| parhelion | n | bright colored spot on parhelic circle | AHD/W7 | |
| perihelion | n | orbital point nearest sun's center | AHD | |
| Sol | prop.n | the Sun | AHD/W7 | |
| sol | n | monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
| solanaceous | adj | re: nightshade plant family | AHD | |
| solanine | n | bitter poisonous crystalline alkaloid | AHD/W7 | |
| solar | adj | re: sun | AHD/W7 | |
| solarium | n | apartment exposed to sun | AHD/W7 | |
| south | adv/adj | southward; re: the south | AHD/W7 | |
| south | n | direction to right when facing east | W7 | |
| southern | adj | re: region conventionally designated South | AHD/W7 | |
| Southfarthing | prop.n | Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Southlinch | prop.n | Bree pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| southward | adv | to/toward the south | ||
| sun | n | luminous celestial body | AHD/W7 | |
| sundew | n | drosera: insectivorous plant | AHD | |
| Sunlending | prop.n | a.k.a. Gondor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| turnsole | n | plant whose stems/flowers turn with sun | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | suthern | adj | southern | ASD |
| Dutch: | zon | n | sun | TLL |
| zuiden | n | south | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD |
| sunno | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD |
| Old High German: | sundan | adv | from the south | ASD |
| sundrōni, sundirin | adj | southern | ASD/W7 | |
| sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
| sunno | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
| German: | Sonne | n.fem | sun | LRC |
| Süden | n.masc | south | LRC | |
| südlich | adj | southern | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *sowilo | n | Sol; (name for) S-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | sól | n.fem | Sol | LRC |
| suðr | adv | southwards | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | sól | n.fem | Sol | ASD |
| suðrænn | adj | southern | ASD | |
| sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
| sunnan | adv | from the south | ASD | |
| Danish: | sol | n | sun | TLL |
| syd | n | south | TLL | |
| Swedish: | sol | n | sun | TLL |
| söder | n | south | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sauil | n.neut | Sol | ASD |
| sunna | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
| sunnō | n.wk.fem/neut | sun | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | sune | n | sun | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | insolatus | vb.ptc | insolated | W7 |
| insolo, insolare | vb | to insolate | W7 | |
| sōl, sōlis | n.masc | the sun | LRC | |
| solanum | n.neut | nightshade | W7 | |
| solaris | adj | re: sun | W7 | |
| solarium | n.neut | sundial, terrace | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | heliacus | adj | re: sun | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | sole | n.masc | sun | W7 |
| New Latin: | aphelion | n.neut | aphelion | W7 |
| helium | n.neut | helium | W7 | |
| Spanish: | sol | n.masc | sun | W7 |
| American Spanish: | sol | n.masc | sun; monetary unit | W7 |
| Middle French: | sol | n | coin: 12 deniers | W7 |
| tournesol | n.masc | sunflower | W7 | |
| French: | parasol | n.masc | parasol | W7 |
| Old Italian: | parare | vb | to shield | W7 |
| parasole | n.masc | parasol | W7 | |
| sole | n.masc | sun | W7 | |
| tornasole | n.masc | sunflower, heliotrope | W7 | |
| Italian: | girare | vb | to turn | W7 |
| girasole | n.fem | sunflower | W7 | |
| sòle | n.masc | sun | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | saule | n.fem | sun, sunlight, sunshine | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | anthēlios | adj | opposite the sun | W7 |
| Ἠέλιος | n.masc | Helios | LRC | |
| hēliakos | adj | round object | W7 | |
| ἧλιος | n.masc | sun | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |