Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl- 'Sol, sun'
Semantic Field(s): Sun
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | sigel, sægl, segl | n.neut | Sol; (name for) S-rune | ASD |
sunna | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
sunne | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
sūð | adj/adv | south; southerly | LRC | |
sūðan | adv | from the south | ASD | |
sūðerne | adj | southern | W7 | |
sūðe-weard | adj | southward | LRC | |
Sūð-Seaxan, Sūð-Seaxe | prop.n.masc.pl | Sussex, lit. South Saxons | ASD | |
sūð-stæð | n.neut | south shore | LRC | |
Middle English: | Sol | prop.n | Sol | W7 |
sol | n | sol | W7 | |
solar | adj | solar | W7 | |
south | adj/adv | south | W7 | |
southern | adj | southern | W7 | |
southren | adj | southern | W7 | |
sunne | n | sun | W7 | |
turnesole | n | turnsole | W7 | |
English: | anthelion | n | bright white spot on parhelic circle opposite sun | AHD/W7 |
aphelion | n | point in comet/planet orbit most distant from sun | AHD/W7 | |
girasol | n | Jerusalem artichoke | AHD/W7 | |
heliacal | adj | re: sun | AHD/W7 | |
helio- | pfx | sun | AHD | |
heliocentric | adj | lit. sun-centered | LRC | |
Helios | prop.n | sun god (Greek mythology) | W7 | |
helium | n | light colorless inert gas | AHD/W7 | |
insolate | vb | to expose to sun's rays | AHD/W7 | |
isohel | n | map/chart line depicting places with equal sunshine duration | AHD/W7 | |
parasol | n | lightweight umbrella used as sunshade | AHD/W7 | |
parhelion | n | bright colored spot on parhelic circle | AHD/W7 | |
perihelion | n | orbital point nearest sun's center | AHD | |
Sol | prop.n | the Sun | AHD/W7 | |
sol | n | monetary unit | AHD/W7 | |
solanaceous | adj | re: nightshade plant family | AHD | |
solanine | n | bitter poisonous crystalline alkaloid | AHD/W7 | |
solar | adj | re: sun | AHD/W7 | |
solarium | n | apartment exposed to sun | AHD/W7 | |
south | adv/adj | southward; re: the south | AHD/W7 | |
south | n | direction to right when facing east | W7 | |
southern | adj | re: region conventionally designated South | AHD/W7 | |
Southfarthing | prop.n | Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Southlinch | prop.n | Bree pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
southward | adv | to/toward the south | ||
sun | n | luminous celestial body | AHD/W7 | |
sundew | n | drosera: insectivorous plant | AHD | |
Sunlending | prop.n | a.k.a. Gondor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
turnsole | n | plant whose stems/flowers turn with sun | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | suthern | adj | southern | ASD |
Dutch: | zon | n | sun | TLL |
zuiden | n | south | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD |
sunno | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
Old Low German: | sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD |
Old High German: | sundan | adv | from the south | ASD |
sundrōni, sundirin | adj | southern | ASD/W7 | |
sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
sunno | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
German: | Sonne | n.fem | sun | LRC |
Süden | n.masc | south | LRC | |
südlich | adj | southern | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | *sowilo | n | Sol; (name for) S-rune | LRC |
Old Norse: | sól | n.fem | Sol | LRC |
suðr | adv | southwards | LRC | |
Icelandic: | sól | n.fem | Sol | ASD |
suðrænn | adj | southern | ASD | |
sunna | n.fem | sun | ASD | |
sunnan | adv | from the south | ASD | |
Danish: | sol | n | sun | TLL |
syd | n | south | TLL | |
Swedish: | sol | n | sun | TLL |
söder | n | south | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | sauil | n.neut | Sol | ASD |
sunna | n.masc | sun | ASD | |
sunnō | n.wk.fem/neut | sun | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | sune | n | sun | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | insolatus | vb.ptc | insolated | W7 |
insolo, insolare | vb | to insolate | W7 | |
sōl, sōlis | n.masc | the sun | LRC | |
solanum | n.neut | nightshade | W7 | |
solaris | adj | re: sun | W7 | |
solarium | n.neut | sundial, terrace | W7 | |
Late Latin: | heliacus | adj | re: sun | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | sole | n.masc | sun | W7 |
New Latin: | aphelion | n.neut | aphelion | W7 |
helium | n.neut | helium | W7 | |
Spanish: | sol | n.masc | sun | W7 |
American Spanish: | sol | n.masc | sun; monetary unit | W7 |
Middle French: | sol | n | coin: 12 deniers | W7 |
tournesol | n.masc | sunflower | W7 | |
French: | parasol | n.masc | parasol | W7 |
Old Italian: | parare | vb | to shield | W7 |
parasole | n.masc | parasol | W7 | |
sole | n.masc | sun | W7 | |
tornasole | n.masc | sunflower, heliotrope | W7 | |
Italian: | girare | vb | to turn | W7 |
girasole | n.fem | sunflower | W7 | |
sòle | n.masc | sun | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Latvian: | saule | n.fem | sun, sunlight, sunshine | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | anthēlios | adj | opposite the sun | W7 |
Ἠέλιος | n.masc | Helios | LRC | |
hēliakos | adj | round object | W7 | |
ἧλιος | n.masc | sun | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |