Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: steb(h)-, and stēb(h)- : stəbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-, step-, also stēp-?, nasalized stemp-, nominal stəbho-s, stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s 'stump, post, pillar; to support, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): Beam, to Lift, Raise
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | stæf | n.masc | staff | W7 |
| stæpe, stepe | n.masc | step, pace | W7 | |
| stapol | n.masc | post, pillar | W7 | |
| steppan | vb | to step | W7 | |
| Middle English: | staf | n | staff | W7 |
| stampen | vb | to stamp | W7 | |
| stapel, staple | n | post, staple | W7 | |
| step | n | step | W7 | |
| stumpe | n | stump | W7 | |
| English: | staff | n | long stout stick for support in walking | AHD/W7 |
| stamp | vb | to pound/crush with pestle/heavy instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| stampede | n | wild headlong rush/flight of frightened animals | AHD/W7 | |
| staphylinid | n | rove beetle | AHD | |
| staphylorrhaphy | n | surgical repair of cleft palate | AHD | |
| staple | n | town used as center for commodity sale/exportation | AHD/W7 | |
| staple | n | metal U with both ends driven into surface as support | AHD/W7 | |
| stemma | n | scroll containing family names with genealogies | AHD/W7 | |
| step | n | foot-rest for ascending/descending | AHD/W7 | |
| stephanotis | n | woody climbing plant with showy fragrant white flowers | AHD | |
| stoop | n | porch/platform/stairway/veranda at house door | AHD/W7 | |
| stope | n | steplike underground excavation | AHD/W7 | |
| stump | n | basal portion remaining after rest is removed | AHD/W7 | |
| stump | n | short thick paper/leather roll used to shade drawings | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | stap | n | step, pace | ASD |
| stapul, stapel | n | block | ASD | |
| stef | n | staff; letter | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | stapel | n | step, heap; staple: emporium | W7 |
| Dutch: | stoep | n | stoop | W7 |
| Flemish: | stomp | n | stump (paper/leather roll), lit. stub | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | bōk-staf | n | letter | ASD |
| staf | n | staff; letter | ASD | |
| Low German: | stope | n | stope, lit. step | W7 |
| Old High German: | stab, stap | n | staff | ASD/W7 |
| stafol, stafel | n | basis | ASD | |
| stampfōn | vb | to stamp | W7 | |
| stap | n | staff | ASD | |
| stapfo | n | step | W7 | |
| stumpf | n | stump | W7 | |
| German: | Stab | n.masc | staff | LRC |
| Stapel | n.masc | pile, stack | LRC | |
| Stapfen | n.masc | footprint | LRC | |
| stapfen | vb | to stump, tramp | LRC | |
| Stumpf | n.masc | stump | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | stafr | n | staff, post; letter | ASD |
| stöpull | n | pillar | ASD | |
| Danish: | stabel | n | post, boundary stone | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | stabs | n | element, rudiment | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | stemma | n.fem | garland, chaplet, genealogical tree | W7 |
| temno, temnere | vb | to despise | W7 | |
| Spanish: | estampa | n | stamp | TLL |
| estampida | n.fem | crash | W7 | |
| American Spanish: | estampida | n.fem | stampede | W7 |
| French: | estompe | n | stump (paper/leather roll) | W7 |
| étampe | n | stamp | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | stabiņš | n.masc | little pillar | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | stepenьnъ | adj | re: step/grade/level | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | στέμμα | n.neut | wreath, chaplet, fillet | LRC |
| στέφω | vb | to crown, enwreath | LRC | |
| Greek: | stembein | vb | to shake up | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
