Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)teg- 'to deck, thatch, cover; house, roof'
Semantic Field(s): to Cover, House, Roof
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | étach | n | garment | RPN |
| tech | n | house | RPN | |
| tugatóir | n | thatcher | RPN | |
| tugid | vb | to roof over, to cover | RPN | |
| Old Welsh: | tig | n | house | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tigele | n.fem | tile, brick | W7 |
| þæc | n.neut | thatch, roof | RPN | |
| þ(e)aca | n.masc | roof, covering | RPN | |
| ðeccan, ðeahte, ðeaht | vb.wk.I | to cover, conceal | LRC | |
| þeccan | vb | to cover | RPN | |
| Middle English: | detecten | vb | to detect | W7 |
| tegument | n | tegument | W7 | |
| thecchen | vb | to thatch | W7 | |
| tile | n | tile | W7 | |
| toile | n | cloth | W7 | |
| English: | deck | n | covering, floor/platform (e.g. on ship) | AHD/W7 |
| deck | vb.trans | to cover | AHD/W7 | |
| deckle | n | detachable wooden frame around mold | AHD/W7 | |
| detect | vb.trans | to discover true/hidden/disguised character of | AHD/W7 | |
| integument | n | something that covers/encloses | AHD/W7 | |
| obtect | adj | re: enclosure in firm chitinous case/covering | AHD/W7 | |
| protect | vb.trans | to guard, shield from injury/destruction | AHD/W7 | |
| stegodon | n | extinct elephant-like mammal | AHD | |
| stegosaur | n | herbivorous dinosaur with bony back-plates | AHD | |
| tectrix | n | covert, shelter, hiding place | AHD/W7 | |
| tectum | n | rooflike structure of body | AHD | |
| tegmen | n | integument, superficial layer/cover | AHD/W7 | |
| tegmentum | n | tegmen, covering | AHD/W7 | |
| tegular | adj | re: tile | AHD/W7 | |
| tegument | n | integument | AHD/W7 | |
| thatch | n | (covering of) straw/plant material | W7 | |
| thatch | vb.trans | to cover (with thatch) | AHD/W7 | |
| thug | n | brutal ruffian/assassin | AHD/W7 | |
| tile | n | piece of fired clay | AHD/W7 | |
| toga | n | loose outer garment | AHD/W7 | |
| tuille | n | hinged armor thigh plate | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thekka | vb | to deck | ASD |
| Dutch: | dak | n | roof | TLL |
| dek | n | deck | TLL | |
| deken | n | blanket | TLL | |
| dekken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | þekkian | vb | to deck, thatch | RPN |
| Old Low German: | thekkan | vb | to deck | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | *vordeck | n | deck | W7 |
| vordecken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
| Low German: | *verdeck | n | deck | W7 |
| Old High German: | dah | n.neut | deck, roof, blanket | ASD |
| decchen, decken | vb | to deck | RPN/W7 | |
| decchi | n | deck, roof | RPN | |
| ziagel, ziagalo | n.fem | tile, brick, earthenware jar | ASD | |
| German: | Dach | n.neut | deck, roof, cover, shelter | ASD |
| Deck | n.neut | deck | TLL | |
| Decke | n.fem | roof, cover, blanket | TLL | |
| Deckel | n.masc | lid, cover | W7 | |
| decken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
| Verdeck | n.neut | deck | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | tigl | n | tile | W7 |
| þekja | n.fem | deck, thatch, roof | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | staka | n | skin, hide | RPN |
| þekja | vb | to deck, thatch | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | tigl | n.neut | tile, brick | ASD |
| þak | n.neut | deck, roof | ASD | |
| þekja | vb | to deck, thatch | ASD | |
| Danish: | daek | n | deck | TLL |
| tag | n | roof | TLL | |
| Swedish: | däck | n | deck | TLL |
| tak | n | roof, ceiling | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | detectus | vb.ptc | detected | W7 |
| detego, detegere | vb | to detect, uncover | W7 | |
| intectus, intecta, intectum | adj | uncovered | LRC | |
| intego, integere | vb | to cover | W7 | |
| integumentum | n.neut | cover, protection | W7 | |
| obtectus | vb.ptc | covered over | W7 | |
| obtego, obtegere | vb | to cover over | W7 | |
| protectus | vb.ptc | protected | W7 | |
| protego, protegere | vb | to protect, cover | W7 | |
| tector | n.masc | one that covers | W7 | |
| tēctum | n.neut | deck, roof | RPN | |
| teges | n | mat, rug, covering | RPN | |
| tegimentum | n.neut | tegmentum, envelope | W7 | |
| tegmen | n.neut | tegmen | W7 | |
| tego, tegere | vb | to thatch, cover, conceal, protect | RPN | |
| tegula, tegulae | n.fem | tile | LRC | |
| tegulum | n | roof, covering | RPN | |
| tegumen, teguminis | n.neut | clothing, covering | LRC | |
| tegumentum | n.neut | tegmentum, envelope | W7 | |
| toga | n.fem | covering; (Roman) garment | RPN | |
| New Latin: | tectrix, tectricis | n.fem | covering feather | W7 |
| tegmen, tegminis | n.neut | tegmen | W7 | |
| tegmentum | n.neut | tegmentum | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | teto | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
| Spanish: | techo | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
| Middle French: | tuille | n.fem | tile | W7 |
| French: | toit | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
| Italian: | tetto | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | steege | n | barn | RPN |
| stogis | n | roof | RPN | |
| Lithuanian: | stógas | n | roof | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | o-stegъ | n | garment | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | τέγος | n | roof, thatch; covered part of house | RPN |
| Greek: | στέγη | n | roof, thatch | RPN |
| στέγος | n.neut | roof, thatch; covered part of house | RPN | |
| στέγω | vb | to thatch, cover, conceal, protect | RPN | |
| τέγη | n | roof, thatch | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sthaga | n | thug, rogue | W7 |
| sthagati | vb | to veil, cover, conceal | RPN | |
| sthagita-ḥ | adj | covered, concealed, hidden | RPN | |
| Hindi: | ṭhag | n | thug, thief | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |