Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)teg- 'to deck, thatch, cover; house, roof'
Semantic Field(s): to Cover, House, Roof
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | étach | n | garment | RPN |
tech | n | house | RPN | |
tugatóir | n | thatcher | RPN | |
tugid | vb | to roof over, to cover | RPN | |
Old Welsh: | tig | n | house | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | tigele | n.fem | tile, brick | W7 |
þæc | n.neut | thatch, roof | RPN | |
þ(e)aca | n.masc | roof, covering | RPN | |
ðeccan, ðeahte, ðeaht | vb.wk.I | to cover, conceal | LRC | |
þeccan | vb | to cover | RPN | |
Middle English: | detecten | vb | to detect | W7 |
tegument | n | tegument | W7 | |
thecchen | vb | to thatch | W7 | |
tile | n | tile | W7 | |
toile | n | cloth | W7 | |
English: | deck | n | covering, floor/platform (e.g. on ship) | AHD/W7 |
deck | vb.trans | to cover | AHD/W7 | |
deckle | n | detachable wooden frame around mold | AHD/W7 | |
detect | vb.trans | to discover true/hidden/disguised character of | AHD/W7 | |
integument | n | something that covers/encloses | AHD/W7 | |
obtect | adj | re: enclosure in firm chitinous case/covering | AHD/W7 | |
protect | vb.trans | to guard, shield from injury/destruction | AHD/W7 | |
stegodon | n | extinct elephant-like mammal | AHD | |
stegosaur | n | herbivorous dinosaur with bony back-plates | AHD | |
tectrix | n | covert, shelter, hiding place | AHD/W7 | |
tectum | n | rooflike structure of body | AHD | |
tegmen | n | integument, superficial layer/cover | AHD/W7 | |
tegmentum | n | tegmen, covering | AHD/W7 | |
tegular | adj | re: tile | AHD/W7 | |
tegument | n | integument | AHD/W7 | |
thatch | n | (covering of) straw/plant material | W7 | |
thatch | vb.trans | to cover (with thatch) | AHD/W7 | |
thug | n | brutal ruffian/assassin | AHD/W7 | |
tile | n | piece of fired clay | AHD/W7 | |
toga | n | loose outer garment | AHD/W7 | |
tuille | n | hinged armor thigh plate | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | thekka | vb | to deck | ASD |
Dutch: | dak | n | roof | TLL |
dek | n | deck | TLL | |
deken | n | blanket | TLL | |
dekken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | þekkian | vb | to deck, thatch | RPN |
Old Low German: | thekkan | vb | to deck | ASD |
Middle Low German: | *vordeck | n | deck | W7 |
vordecken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
Low German: | *verdeck | n | deck | W7 |
Old High German: | dah | n.neut | deck, roof, blanket | ASD |
decchen, decken | vb | to deck | RPN/W7 | |
decchi | n | deck, roof | RPN | |
ziagel, ziagalo | n.fem | tile, brick, earthenware jar | ASD | |
German: | Dach | n.neut | deck, roof, cover, shelter | ASD |
Deck | n.neut | deck | TLL | |
Decke | n.fem | roof, cover, blanket | TLL | |
Deckel | n.masc | lid, cover | W7 | |
decken | vb | to deck | W7 | |
Verdeck | n.neut | deck | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | tigl | n | tile | W7 |
þekja | n.fem | deck, thatch, roof | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | staka | n | skin, hide | RPN |
þekja | vb | to deck, thatch | RPN | |
Icelandic: | tigl | n.neut | tile, brick | ASD |
þak | n.neut | deck, roof | ASD | |
þekja | vb | to deck, thatch | ASD | |
Danish: | daek | n | deck | TLL |
tag | n | roof | TLL | |
Swedish: | däck | n | deck | TLL |
tak | n | roof, ceiling | TLL | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | detectus | vb.ptc | detected | W7 |
detego, detegere | vb | to detect, uncover | W7 | |
intectus, intecta, intectum | adj | uncovered | LRC | |
intego, integere | vb | to cover | W7 | |
integumentum | n.neut | cover, protection | W7 | |
obtectus | vb.ptc | covered over | W7 | |
obtego, obtegere | vb | to cover over | W7 | |
protectus | vb.ptc | protected | W7 | |
protego, protegere | vb | to protect, cover | W7 | |
tector | n.masc | one that covers | W7 | |
tēctum | n.neut | deck, roof | RPN | |
teges | n | mat, rug, covering | RPN | |
tegimentum | n.neut | tegmentum, envelope | W7 | |
tegmen | n.neut | tegmen | W7 | |
tego, tegere | vb | to thatch, cover, conceal, protect | RPN | |
tegula, tegulae | n.fem | tile | LRC | |
tegulum | n | roof, covering | RPN | |
tegumen, teguminis | n.neut | clothing, covering | LRC | |
tegumentum | n.neut | tegmentum, envelope | W7 | |
toga | n.fem | covering; (Roman) garment | RPN | |
New Latin: | tectrix, tectricis | n.fem | covering feather | W7 |
tegmen, tegminis | n.neut | tegmen | W7 | |
tegmentum | n.neut | tegmentum | W7 | |
Portuguese: | teto | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
Spanish: | techo | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
Middle French: | tuille | n.fem | tile | W7 |
French: | toit | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
Italian: | tetto | n | roof, thatch | TLL |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | steege | n | barn | RPN |
stogis | n | roof | RPN | |
Lithuanian: | stógas | n | roof | RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | o-stegъ | n | garment | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | τέγος | n | roof, thatch; covered part of house | RPN |
Greek: | στέγη | n | roof, thatch | RPN |
στέγος | n.neut | roof, thatch; covered part of house | RPN | |
στέγω | vb | to thatch, cover, conceal, protect | RPN | |
τέγη | n | roof, thatch | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sthaga | n | thug, rogue | W7 |
sthagati | vb | to veil, cover, conceal | RPN | |
sthagita-ḥ | adj | covered, concealed, hidden | RPN | |
Hindi: | ṭhag | n | thug, thief | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |