Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)teg- 'stake, pole, beam'
Semantic Field(s): Beam
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | staca | n.masc | stake, pole | GED |
| Middle English: | at(t)achen | vb | to attach | CDC/W7 |
| stak | n | stack | W7 | |
| stake | n | stake | W7 | |
| stakeren | vb | to stacker | W7 | |
| English: | attach | vb | to take by writ/legal authority | AHD/W7 |
| attack | vb | to set upon forcefully | AHD/W7 | |
| stack | n | large conical pile (e.g. hay stacked in field) | AHD/W7 | |
| stacker | vb | to stagger | AHD/W7 | |
| stagger | vb | to totter, reel side-to-side | AHD/W7 | |
| stake | n | pointed piece of wood driven into ground | AHD/W7 | |
| stockade | n | defensive line of firmly set stout posts | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | staka, stac(e) | n.masc | stake, pole | ASD/GED |
| Middle Low German: | stake | n | stake, rod | GED |
| Old High German: | spizzin | n.dat | young deer, stag in first head | GED |
| stache | n.dat | young deer, stag in first head | GED | |
| stahhulla | n.str.masc/neut | point, spike | GED | |
| stehhen | vb.wk | to stake down, fasten | GED | |
| stehho | n.masc | stake, pole | GED | |
| German: | Stecken | n.masc | stake, pole | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | staka | vb | to push | W7 |
| stakkr | n | stack | W7 | |
| stakra | vb.freq | to push | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | staka | vb.wk | to stake down, fasten | GED |
| st(j)aki | n.masc | stake, pole | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *staks | n.masc | mark | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | tignum | n.neut | beam, timber | GED |
| Portuguese: | atacar | vb | to attack | CDC |
| Spanish: | atacar | vb | to attack | CDC |
| Old French: | atach(i)er | vb | to attach | CDC |
| a(t)taquer | vb | to attack | CDC | |
| estache | n | stake | AHD | |
| estachier | vb | to attach | W7 | |
| Middle French: | attacher | vb | to attach, fasten | W7 |
| French: | attacher | vb | to attach | CDC |
| attaquer | vb | to attack | CDC | |
| estacade | n.fem | stockade | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | attacar | vb | to attack | CDC |
| Old Italian: | estaccare | vb | to attach | W7 |
| Italian: | attaccare | vb | to attack | CDC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | stãgaras | n | long, dry stem | GED |
| stegerỹs | n | long, dry stem | GED | |
| Latvian: | stę̄ga, stę̄gs | n | long stick | GED |
| stęga | n | penis | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | stežerъ | n | support | GED/IEW |
| stogъ | n | haystack | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | t'akn | n | club | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
