Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯ādh-, u̯ədh- 'to go, wade, stride, march'
Semantic Field(s): to Go, to Walk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wadan, wōd, wōdon, waden | vb.str.VI | to wade, pass, proceed, stride over | ASD |
| Middle English: | invaden | vb | to invade | W7 |
| waden | vb | to wade | W7 | |
| English: | Entwade | prop.n | Rohan river fords in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| evade | vb | to escape, slip away | AHD/W7 | |
| invade | vb.trans | to enter for conquest/plunder | AHD/W7 | |
| pervade | vb.trans | to become diffused throughout | AHD/W7 | |
| vadose | adj | re: water/solutions in earth's crust above groundwater | AHD/W7 | |
| vamoose | vb.intrans | to decamp, depart quickly | AHD/W7 | |
| wade | vb | to step in/through (e.g. water) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wada | vb | to wade, go, pass, proceed | ASD |
| Old High German: | wat | n.neut | ford, shallow water | ASD |
| watan | vb | to wade, go, pass, proceed | W7 | |
| German: | waten | vb | to wade | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vaða | vb | to wade/pass through | LRC |
| Icelandic: | vað | n.neut | ford | ASD |
| vaða | vb | to wade, go, pass, proceed | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | evado, evadere | vb | to evade, get out | W7 |
| invado, invadere | vb | to invade, attack, rush in | W7 | |
| pervado, pervadere | vb | to pervade, go through | W7 | |
| vādo, vādere | vb | to go, wade, rush, hasten | W7 | |
| vadosus | adj | shallow | W7 | |
| vadum | n.neut | ford, shallows | W7 | |
| Spanish: | vamos | vb.1.pl.imp | let us go | W7 |
| Middle French: | évader | vb | to evade | W7 |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | gam | vb | to come, go | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| imp | = | imperative (mood) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
