Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯eg̑-   'fresh, strong'

Semantic Field(s): Strong, Mighty, Powerful

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: ā-wacen adj awake CDC
ā-wacian vb to awake CDC
a-wæcnian vb to awaken W7
wacan, wōc, wōcon, wacen vb.str to wake, awake, be born, come into being ASD/W7
wacen n.fem watch, vigil, wakefulness W7
wacian vb.wk to wake, be awake ASD/W7
wæccan vb.wk to watch, wake ASD/W7
*wæcnian vb to waken ASD/W7
wicca n.masc wizard, sorcerer, necromancer AHD/W7
wicce n.fem witch, sorceress W7
wīgle n.neut divination W7
Middle English: awake(n) adj awake CDC
awak(e)nen vb to awaken CDC/W7
awak(i)en vb to awake CDC
bewicchen vb to bewitch AHD
vigilant adj vigilant W7
vigile n vigil W7
vigor n vigor W7
wacchen vb to watch W7
waite n watchman; wait, public musician W7
waiten vb to wait W7
waken vb to wake W7
wakien vb to wake W7
waknen vb to waken W7
waughten vb to guard, convoy W7
wicche n witch W7
wicke adj wicked W7
wicked adj wicked W7
English: awake, awoke, awaken, awoken vb.str to cease sleeping, arouse from sleep W7
awake adj alert, aroused from sleep W7
awaken vb to awake W7
bewitch vb to charm, affect by witchcraft W7
bivouac n encampment under little/no shelter AHD/W7
ravigote n vinegar sauce seasoned with herbs/capers/onion AHD
reveille n bugle call signaling day's first military formation AHD/W7
surveillance n spying, close observation of group/person AHD
surveillant adj exercising surveillance AHD
vedette n mounted sentinel stationed before pickets AHD/W7
vegetable n plant cultivated for edible part(s) AHD
velocity n speed, quickness of motion AHD/W7
vigil n watch kept on eve of religious feast AHD/W7
vigilant adj alertly watchful AHD/W7
vigilante n member of vigilance committee AHD/W7
vigor n active force/strength of mind/body AHD/W7
waft vb to go/move lightly by impulse of wind/waves AHD/W7
wait n English public musician employed to play/sing for procession/entertainment AHD/W7
wait vb to await, remain in expectation AHD/W7
wake, woke, woken vb.str to be/remain awake AHD/W7
waken vb to awake AHD/W7
watch vb to keep vigil (as devotional exercise) AHD/W7
Watcher prop.n Moria lake creature in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
Watchwood prop.n vigilant forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
Wicca prop.n pagan nature religion AHD
Wiccan prop.adj re: Wicca, witchcraft AHD
wicked adj evil, morally bad AHD/W7
witch n wizard, sorceress AHD/W7
Witch-lord prop.n Nazgûl Lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings LRC
West Germanic  
Dutch: wekken n to wake someone up LRC
wekker n waker, alarm clock TLL
Old Saxon: wakōn vb to wake, watch, be awake ASD
Old Low German: wakōn vb to wake, watch, be awake ASD
Middle Low German: wachten vb to watch, guard W7
Low German: biwake n bivouac, lit. at guard W7
wake n guard W7
Old High German: arwachen vb to awake CDC
wahhōn vb to wake, watch, be awake ASD
wahta vb to watch W7
wīh adj holy W7
Middle High German: erwachen vb to awake CDC
wicken vb to bewitch W7
German: bewachen vb to guard LRC
erwachen vb to awake CDC
wachen vb to be awake LRC
Wecker n waker, alarm clock TLL
North Germanic  
Old Norse: vaka vb to watch, be/stay awake LRC
vakna vb to awaken W7
vekja, vakti vb to rouse, waken LRC
Danish: vågne vb to wake up LRC
Swedish: vakna vb.intrans to wake up, be woken LRC
väcka vb.trans to wake someone up LRC
Italic  
Latin: vegeo, vegēre vb to rouse, be active W7
veho, vehere vb to carry W7
velocitas, velocitatis n.fem velocity, rapidity W7
velox, velocis adj quick, swift, rapid W7
vigeo, vigēre vb to be vigorous W7
vigil adj awake, watchful W7
vigilans, vigilantis adj/vb.ptc vigilant, staying awake W7
vigilia n.fem watch, vigil, wakefulness W7
vigilō, vigilāre vb to keep watch, stay awake W7
vigor n.masc vigor, strength W7
Vulgar Latin: exvigilō, exvigilāre vb to keep watch, stay awake W7
Late Latin: vigilia n.fem vigil W7
Spanish: vela n.fem watch, vigil W7
velar vb to keep watch W7
vigilante adj vigilant W7
Old French: vigile n.fem watch, vigil W7
Middle French: velocité n.fem velocity, rapidity W7
vigilant adj vigilant, awake W7
vigor n.fem vigor, strength W7
French: bivouac n.masc bivouac W7
éveiller vb to awaken W7
réveiller vb to awaken W7
vedette n.fem star of play W7
Italian: vedetta n.fem watch, sentinel W7
veletta n.fem woman's veil; look-out CID/W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prop=proper
ptc=participle
str=strong (inflection)
trans=transitive
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID=Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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