Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯eg̑- 'fresh, strong'
Semantic Field(s): Strong, Mighty, Powerful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ā-wacen | adj | awake | CDC |
| ā-wacian | vb | to awake | CDC | |
| a-wæcnian | vb | to awaken | W7 | |
| wacan, wōc, wōcon, wacen | vb.str | to wake, awake, be born, come into being | ASD/W7 | |
| wacen | n.fem | watch, vigil, wakefulness | W7 | |
| wacian | vb.wk | to wake, be awake | ASD/W7 | |
| wæccan | vb.wk | to watch, wake | ASD/W7 | |
| *wæcnian | vb | to waken | ASD/W7 | |
| wicca | n.masc | wizard, sorcerer, necromancer | AHD/W7 | |
| wicce | n.fem | witch, sorceress | W7 | |
| wīgle | n.neut | divination | W7 | |
| Middle English: | awake(n) | adj | awake | CDC |
| awak(e)nen | vb | to awaken | CDC/W7 | |
| awak(i)en | vb | to awake | CDC | |
| bewicchen | vb | to bewitch | AHD | |
| vigilant | adj | vigilant | W7 | |
| vigile | n | vigil | W7 | |
| vigor | n | vigor | W7 | |
| wacchen | vb | to watch | W7 | |
| waite | n | watchman; wait, public musician | W7 | |
| waiten | vb | to wait | W7 | |
| waken | vb | to wake | W7 | |
| wakien | vb | to wake | W7 | |
| waknen | vb | to waken | W7 | |
| waughten | vb | to guard, convoy | W7 | |
| wicche | n | witch | W7 | |
| wicke | adj | wicked | W7 | |
| wicked | adj | wicked | W7 | |
| English: | awake, awoke, awaken, awoken | vb.str | to cease sleeping, arouse from sleep | W7 |
| awake | adj | alert, aroused from sleep | W7 | |
| awaken | vb | to awake | W7 | |
| bewitch | vb | to charm, affect by witchcraft | W7 | |
| bivouac | n | encampment under little/no shelter | AHD/W7 | |
| ravigote | n | vinegar sauce seasoned with herbs/capers/onion | AHD | |
| reveille | n | bugle call signaling day's first military formation | AHD/W7 | |
| surveillance | n | spying, close observation of group/person | AHD | |
| surveillant | adj | exercising surveillance | AHD | |
| vedette | n | mounted sentinel stationed before pickets | AHD/W7 | |
| vegetable | n | plant cultivated for edible part(s) | AHD | |
| velocity | n | speed, quickness of motion | AHD/W7 | |
| vigil | n | watch kept on eve of religious feast | AHD/W7 | |
| vigilant | adj | alertly watchful | AHD/W7 | |
| vigilante | n | member of vigilance committee | AHD/W7 | |
| vigor | n | active force/strength of mind/body | AHD/W7 | |
| waft | vb | to go/move lightly by impulse of wind/waves | AHD/W7 | |
| wait | n | English public musician employed to play/sing for procession/entertainment | AHD/W7 | |
| wait | vb | to await, remain in expectation | AHD/W7 | |
| wake, woke, woken | vb.str | to be/remain awake | AHD/W7 | |
| waken | vb | to awake | AHD/W7 | |
| watch | vb | to keep vigil (as devotional exercise) | AHD/W7 | |
| Watcher | prop.n | Moria lake creature in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Watchwood | prop.n | vigilant forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Wicca | prop.n | pagan nature religion | AHD | |
| Wiccan | prop.adj | re: Wicca, witchcraft | AHD | |
| wicked | adj | evil, morally bad | AHD/W7 | |
| witch | n | wizard, sorceress | AHD/W7 | |
| Witch-lord | prop.n | Nazgûl Lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | wekken | n | to wake someone up | LRC |
| wekker | n | waker, alarm clock | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | wakōn | vb | to wake, watch, be awake | ASD |
| Old Low German: | wakōn | vb | to wake, watch, be awake | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | wachten | vb | to watch, guard | W7 |
| Low German: | biwake | n | bivouac, lit. at guard | W7 |
| wake | n | guard | W7 | |
| Old High German: | arwachen | vb | to awake | CDC |
| wahhōn | vb | to wake, watch, be awake | ASD | |
| wahta | vb | to watch | W7 | |
| wīh | adj | holy | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | erwachen | vb | to awake | CDC |
| wicken | vb | to bewitch | W7 | |
| German: | bewachen | vb | to guard | LRC |
| erwachen | vb | to awake | CDC | |
| wachen | vb | to be awake | LRC | |
| Wecker | n | waker, alarm clock | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vaka | vb | to watch, be/stay awake | LRC |
| vakna | vb | to awaken | W7 | |
| vekja, vakti | vb | to rouse, waken | LRC | |
| Danish: | vågne | vb | to wake up | LRC |
| Swedish: | vakna | vb.intrans | to wake up, be woken | LRC |
| väcka | vb.trans | to wake someone up | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | vegeo, vegēre | vb | to rouse, be active | W7 |
| veho, vehere | vb | to carry | W7 | |
| velocitas, velocitatis | n.fem | velocity, rapidity | W7 | |
| velox, velocis | adj | quick, swift, rapid | W7 | |
| vigeo, vigēre | vb | to be vigorous | W7 | |
| vigil | adj | awake, watchful | W7 | |
| vigilans, vigilantis | adj/vb.ptc | vigilant, staying awake | W7 | |
| vigilia | n.fem | watch, vigil, wakefulness | W7 | |
| vigilō, vigilāre | vb | to keep watch, stay awake | W7 | |
| vigor | n.masc | vigor, strength | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | exvigilō, exvigilāre | vb | to keep watch, stay awake | W7 |
| Late Latin: | vigilia | n.fem | vigil | W7 |
| Spanish: | vela | n.fem | watch, vigil | W7 |
| velar | vb | to keep watch | W7 | |
| vigilante | adj | vigilant | W7 | |
| Old French: | vigile | n.fem | watch, vigil | W7 |
| Middle French: | velocité | n.fem | velocity, rapidity | W7 |
| vigilant | adj | vigilant, awake | W7 | |
| vigor | n.fem | vigor, strength | W7 | |
| French: | bivouac | n.masc | bivouac | W7 |
| éveiller | vb | to awaken | W7 | |
| réveiller | vb | to awaken | W7 | |
| vedette | n.fem | star of play | W7 | |
| Italian: | vedetta | n.fem | watch, sentinel | W7 |
| veletta | n.fem | woman's veil; look-out | CID/W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |