Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3b. u̯er-, u̯er-b-, and u̯er-bh- 'to bend, turn, warp'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, to Turn
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wearp | n.neut | warp | W7 |
| weorpan | vb | to warp, throw | W7 | |
| Middle English: | verveine | n | vervain | W7 |
| warp | n | warp | W7 | |
| warpen | vb | to warp | W7 | |
| English: | reverberate | vb | to force back | AHD/W7 |
| verbena | n | vervain (garden plant) | AHD/W7 | |
| vervain | n | verbena (garden plant) | AHD/W7 | |
| warp | n | yarn extended lengthwise in loom (crossed by woof) | AHD/W7 | |
| warp | vb | to turn/twist out of shape | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | werpa | vb | to warp, cast, fling, throw | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | warp | n.neut | warp; thing thrown | IEW |
| werpan | vb | to warp, cast, fling, throw | IEW | |
| Old High German: | war(a)f | n.neut | warp, thread; thing thrown | ASD/IEW |
| werfan | vb | to warp, cast, fling, throw | IEW | |
| German: | werfen | vb | to throw, cast; warp | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | verpa | vb | to warp, throw, cast | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | varp | n.neut | warp; thing thrown | IEW |
| Icelandic: | varp | n.neut | warping, casting | ASD |
| verpa | vb | to warp, cast, fling, throw | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | waírpan | vb.str.III | to warp, cast, fling, throw | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | reverberatus | vb.ptc | reflected, pushed away | W7 |
| reverbero, reverberāre | vb | to reverberate, push away | W7 | |
| verbena | n.fem | verbena: sacred bough, medicinal plant | W7 | |
| verber | n.neut | rod | W7 | |
| verbero, verberāre | vb | to lash | W7 | |
| New Latin: | verbena | n.fem | verbena: medicinal plant | W7 |
| Middle French: | verveine | n.fem | vervain | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ῥάβδος | n.fem | rod, wand | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
