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Grammar

46 Negatives

Hittite has two widely used negative particles. One, natta, can be considered the general negative. The other, lē, which was rarer, was an emphatic negative, used in expressing strong wishes or commands.

46.1 Emphatic negative

The emphatic negative could be used, at least in early texts, in commands with the imperative. It could also be used with verbs in the indicative to express strong wishes in texts from all periods.

		lē-ta		nāhi
		negative-yourself		fear (imp.)
		"Don't fear for yourself."

		memiyann-a-ssi		lē		mematti
		word-but-to her		not		you speak
		"And you should not speak a word to her."

		ehu-wa		īt		kuwapi-wa		paisi
		come on-quotative		go		where-quotative		you go
		ammuk-ma-wa-tta		lē		saggahhi
		I-and-quotative-you		not		know
		"Go! And I don't want to know where you go!"

		n-asta		lē		āssawēs		id:lauwas		anda harkanzi
		and-locatival		not		good		bad		perish together with
		"Let not the good people perish together with the bad."

With a verb in the second or third person iterative le: can be translated as "stop" doing the action conveyed by the iterative:

		lē		kuwatqa		lahlahhiskesi
		not		in any way		keep worrying
		"You should stop worrying in any way."

46.2 General particle natta

By far the more common negative particle, however, was the general particle natta. It is usually written out as na-at-ta in the earliest Old Hittite texts, but in later texts, the syllabic spelling is normally replaced by the Akkadogram ŪL, which was read as natta. Natta normally occurs before the part of the clause that is negated. So-called "double negatives" are perfectly grammatical in Hittite.

Natta may negate the entire predicate of a sentence of a sentence, or a noun that is part of the predicate:

		takku		natta-ma		taranzi		nu		natta		paimi
		if		not-but		they say		then		not		I go
		"But if they don't say, I will not go."

		eter		n-e		ŪL		ispiēr
		they		ate		not		were satiated
		"They ate, (and) they were not satiated."

		takku		kussan-a		natta		piyan
		if		wage-but		not		paid
		"But if the wage is not paid..."

		lalesmess-a		ŪL		siyānza
		the invoice-and		not		sealed
		"And the invoice was not sealed."

In the following the direct object or one of its modifiers is negated:

		ŪL		pittuliantan-ma		anda warpiskesi
		not		intimidated-but		you enclose
		"You enclose even the unintimidated."

		qāsa-smas-kan		parkuin		misriwantan		harkin
		look-to you-locatival		pure		perfect		white
		GIŠPA-it		ŪL		walhantan		UDU-un		sipantahhun
		with a stick		not		struck		sheep		I offer
		"Look, I am offering you (as sacrifice) a pure, perfect, white, never-struck with a stick sheep."

The subject or one of its modifiers can also be negated:

		natta-an		ūk		tarnahhun
		not-it		I		released
		"It wasn't I who released it."

		ektas-ma-du-ssan		erhaz		ŪL		nahsariyauwanza		arha		ŪL		wezzi
		net-but-you-locatival		circle		not		afraid		out		not		comes
		"Even the unafraid will not come out of the circle of your net."

46.3 Indefinite pronouns and adverbs

Indefinite pronouns and adverbs can be negated, for example natta kuiski means 'no one', natta kuitki means 'nothing', natta kuatqa means 'in no way', and natta kuwappiki means 'in no way, at no time, never':

		nu-wa		ŪL kuitki		sakti
		and-quotative		nothing		you know
		"You know nothing."

		ANA		M.DLAMMMA-ma-kan		wastul		ŪL kuitki		āsta
		to		Kurunta-but-locatival		fault		not any		remained
		"No fault whatsoever attached to (lit. 'remained with') Kurunta."

		M.DLAMMA-as-ma-kan		ŪL kuwappiki		anda		ēsta
		Kurunta-but-locatival		in no way		in		was
		"Kurunta was in no way involved (in the insurrection)."

46.4 Negative adverb nāwi

The negative adverb nāwi means 'not yet'. When nāwi is used with a verb in the present tense, the sentence or clause in which it occurs is to be translated by the English present perfect:

		mān-kan		DSIN		nawi		ūpzi
		if-locatival		the moon		not yet		rises
		"If the moon has not yet risen..."

When nāwi is used with a verb in the past tense, the sentence should be translated by the Engish past perfect:

		EGIR-izzi-ma-ssi		TUPPU		nāwi		wemiyawen
		last-but-to it		tablet		not yet		found
		"We had not yet found its final tablet (i.e. the final tablet of a multi-tablet composition)."

46.5 Adverb nūmān

The adverb nūmān, which is a compound whose second element is probably related to the irrealis particle man, is used with negative wishes, for example:

		n-e		namma		hattesnas		kattanda nūmān pānzi
		and-they		moreover		to holes		down not they go
		"And they (snakes) do not want to go back down into (their) holes again."

47 Local Adverbs and Preverbs

Hittite has a handful of function words that may act as postpositions (function words that are comparable to English prepositions), as adverbs specifying location, and as preverbs, words that modify verbs. As adverbs, anda 'into', āppa 'after(wards), behind', arha 'outward, away', katta 'downward', parā 'forward, forth, further', and sarā 'upward' indicate movement in a particular direction. The related adverbs āppan 'behind, after(wards)', kattan 'at the side', pēran 'before, in front, previously' and sēr 'upon', tend to indicate location in relation to a particular position. Āppa and āppan are often written with the Sumerogram EGIR with or without phonetic complement, while pēran may be written with the Akkadograms PANI or MAHAR. The adverbs may be used of spatial, temporal, or logical relationships, for example:

		DINGIRDIDLI.HI.A-s-a		DUMUMEŠ-us		A.AB.BA-az		sarā		dāer
		gods-but		children		out of the sea		up		they took
		"But the gods took the boys up out of the sea."

		aniūr-kan		EGIR-an		iyanzi
		ritual-locatival		again		they do
		"They perform the ritual again."

		āppa-ma		URUDalawas		kūrur		IṢBAT
		afterwards-but		city of Dalawa		hostilities		took
		"But afterwards, the city of Dalawa took up hostilities."

		ammuk-at		kattan		lahhi		iyantat-pat
		me-they		together		to war		they went-indeed
		"Together with me they indeed went to war."

47.1 Compound Verbs

Combinations of preverb plus verb may be considered compound verbs. As preverbs, these words modify the sense of the verbs in much the same way that function words like "in," "up," or "down" modify the sense of the verb in English phrasal verbs like "fill in (a form)" (compare "fill"), "give up" 'surrender' (compare "give"), "put down" 'insult someone' (compare "put"). Preverbs tend to precede the verbs they modify as closely as possible, and in most instances, the preverb comes immediately before the verb. As with English phrasal verbs, the meaning of the preverb plus verb combination may be fairly close to the meaning of the uncompounded verb or it may be may be idiomatic and not entirely predictable from the literal meanings of the elements of the compound.

Sometimes, the addition of the preverb simply makes the meaning of the verb more emphatic. For example, the verb karap- means 'eat, devour'. With arha the sense is more akin to English 'eat up':

		nu-za		LÚMEŠ		huelpi		GA.RASSAR		iwar		arha karapta
		and-reflexive		men		fresh		leek (gen.)		like		you eat up
		"You eat up men like (one would eat up) a fresh leek."

The verb huwāi- means 'run, march, go'. When used with the preverb pēran 'in front, before' it can have the literal meaning 'run in front' or it can have the figurative meanings 'lead' or 'help, support'. The compund pēran huwāi- normally takes a dative object.

		nu		DUTUŠI		ANA		KARAŠHI.A		G\R-it		peran hūiyanun
		and		my majesty		dative		army		on foot		marched-before
		"And I, my majesty, marched before the army on foot."

The phrase pēran huwāi- is often used of the gods supporting the king or his troops in battle:

		nu-nnas		DINGIRMEŠ		peran hūwaēr
		and-us		gods		before-ran
		nu		ÉRINMEŠ		LÚKÚR		hullumen
		and		troops		enemy		we defeated
		"The gods supported us, and we defeated the enemy troops."

The basic meaning of pēssiya- is 'throw', though it can have metaphorical meanings such as 'waive' or 'disregard'. With the preverb arha, however, it can take on a variety of meanings, including 'reject' or 'repudiate':

		nu		apūn		MĀMĒTUM		arha pessiyatten
		and		that		oath		away-throw
		"Repudiate that oath."

The compound verb pēran weriya- with the reflexive particle -za means 'involve oneself with'. In the following sentence, a nominal sentence made with the participle, the negative adverb lē separates the preverb from the verb:

		ANA		LÚ.ME^S		URUMira-ma-wa-za		peran lē weriyanza
		with		men		Mira-but-quotative-reflexive		do not be involved
		"Don't be involved with the men of Mira."

47.2 Separation of Preverb and Verb

Under certain conditions, the preverb may be separated from the verb it modifies. In the following sentence, for example, the verb is parā pāi- 'hand over', but the preverb is separated from the verb by a negative particle:

		kuwat-war-an		parā ŪL pesti
		why-quotative-him		over-not-you give
		"Why didn't you hand him over?"

The preverbs parā and āppa, to which enclitcs have been attached are separated from the verb by negative indefinites in the following sentence with the compound verbs parā nāi-, meaning 'add' here, and āppiya pēssiya- 'leave off, neglect':

		parā-ma-ssan natta kuitki nāi
		forth-but-locatival-nothing turns
		āppa-ya-kan natta kuitki pessiyazzi
		back-but-locatival-nothing-throws
		"He does not add anything, nor does he leave off anything."

The multiple functions of these words as adverbs, postpositions, and preverbs can be a source of ambiguity. A native speaker of Hittite presumably had intuitions about which elements in a sentence belonged together, just as a speaker of English can sense that 'in' belongs with 'turned' in the sentence "She turned in her homework," but 'in' belongs with 'the driveway' in "She turned the car in the driveway." A modern reader of Hittite, however, has to rely upon clues from syntax and meaning to distinguish the function of these words. When the function word appears directly before the verb, it is likely to be a preverb. When the function word appears after a noun or pronoun in the accusative, genitive, dative-locative, ablative, instrumental, or allative, it is possibly to be interpreted as a postposition. Negatives, indefinites, and the adverbs namma 'moreover', imma 'indeed', kissan 'thus', and apenissan 'just so' may intervene between a preverb and its verb. Finally, a combination of function word plus verb that has a meaning clearly distinct from the meaning of the verb and difficult to reconstruct from the literal meaning of its parts is most likely a verb with preverb, for example, pēran weriya-, 'be involved with', which is composed of pēran 'before' and weriya- 'call (out)'.

48 Sentence Particles

Perhaps the only thing that is entirely clear about the sentence particles -kan, -ssan, -asta, (or -sta), -apa (or -pa), and -an is that they occur at the end of the sentence-initial enclitic chain. These particles, or some of them, have been variously described as indicating local relations between the verb and other elements in the sentence, as indicating locatival or other case functions, as modifiers of the verb that work in conjunction with preverbs, as remnants of pronouns used to establish relations between clauses, or as connective particles used to connect sentences or clauses. Much of the research done on the particles, however, suffers from problems resulting from lack of evidence or doubtful methodology. The particle -an is very rare. It is found only in the earliest texts, and it seems to have dropped out of use quite early. The fate of -apa (-pa), which is also rare and archaic, was similar, though related particles are found in the other Anatolian languages. The particle -asta (-sta) is also found in early texts and in copies of early texts but was lost from the living language by the Empire period. By contrast, -ssan (also -san) is fairly well attested in texts from most periods except the very latest, and -kan (sometimes spelled -kkan), which is rare in Old Hittite, increases dramatically in frequency in later texts.

48.1 Examples of asta

The rarity of -an and -apa means that little can be said with certainty about the functions of these paricles. It has been claimed that -asta (-sta) has an affinity for the ablative case, or for meanings associated with it and indeed, a sense of separation is found in sentences such as the following:

		GIŠTUKULHI.A-us-sus-sta		ZAG.LU.ZA		dāhhun
		weapons-their-locatival		shoulders		I took
		"I took their weapons from their shoulder(s)."

The particle is found in a sentence with a noun in the ablative and with the compound verb katta pāi- 'go down' in the following:

		mān-asta		GUD.MAH-a		KÁ.GAL-az		katta		paizzi
		when-locatival		bull		gate (abl.)		down		goes
		"When the bull goes down through the gate..."

Similarly, -asta is used with kattanda paī- 'go down into', though not with a noun in the ablative in, for example:

		n-asta		DIM-nas		tān		annas-sis		kattanda pait
		and-locatival		of the Stormgod		for a second time		mother-his		downward went
		"For the second time, the mother of the Stormgod went downward."

However, katta pāi- is found without -asta in, the following sentence from a copy of a fairly early text:

		nu		nekuz mēhūni		hūdāk		katta paitten
		and		at night-time		immediately		down go
		"At night time, go down immediately!"

The compound kattanda pāi- is found without a particle in, for example:

		n-e		namma		hattesnas		kattanda nūmān pānzi
		and-they		moreover		to holes		down negative they go
		"And they do not want to go back down into (their) holes again."

The postposition katta 'down', modifying a noun with the ablative occurs with pai- and with the particle -kan rather than -asta in the following sentence from a fairly early text:

		n-at-kan		katta		IŠTU KÁ.GAL-az		URUDāuniya		pānzi
		and-they-locatival		down		from the gate (abl.)		city of Dauniya		they go
		"And they go down from the Dauniya gate."

48.2 Examples of -ssan

The uses and meaning of the particle -ssan are somewhat clearer. It may have an affinity with the dative, locative, and allative, and may add the idea of superposition ("over, upon, on"), proximity, or accompaniment. It does occur often with a dative-locative and/or with the preverb and adverb sēr 'over, upon', for example:

		serr-a-ssan		harnamma		BAPPIR		IŠTU		KAŠ		harnan		lahuwai
		over-and-over		yeast		BAPPIR		with		beer		fermented		he pours
		n-at		anda immiyanzi
		and-them		into mixes
		"He pours over them (herbs) yeast (and) BAPPIR fermented with the beer, and he mixes them together."

Similarly, s:er and -ssan occur with huwāī- in the following sentence about vegetation growing over the sleeping god Telepenus:

		sēr-s-a-ses-san		halenzu		huwaīs
		over-but-him-over		halenzu-plant		ran
		"But over him the halenzu-plant grew."

It is possible that the sense 'over' is conveyed by sēr rather than -ssan, but the particle may also be used without sēr but with a dative-locative or allative. In many of these instances, -ssan may indicate a goal:

		nu-mu-ssan		zigg-a		KARAŠ-pat		hūdāk		arnut
		and-to me		you-and		troops-those same		immediately		bring
		"And you, bring those same troops to me immediately!"

		LUGAL-us-san		DU-as		NA4huwasiya		anda paizzi
		king-over-to		of the Stormgod		stele		into goes
		"The king enters (the enclosure) to the stele of the Stormgod."

The particle may also strengthen or add the idea of a goal. In the first sentence, -ssan accompanies the adverb apiya 'there'; in the second sentence, however, it may be that -ssan alone imparts the idea of location:

		nu-ssan		apiya		iyaddumat
		and-locatival		there		go (pl.)
		"Go there!"

		n-as		KUR		URUHattusi		ŪL		hūisuwezzi		aki-pat-ssan
		and-he		land		Hattusas		not		lives		he dies-instead-locatival
		"He will not go on living in Hattusas; instead, he will die there."

48.3 The Particle -kan

The function of -kan is much harder to describe because it is so rare in early texts, in which its original, limited, meaning may have been preserved, and it is so common in later texts, where it has clearly replaced other particles.

49 Enclitic Conjunctions

The Hitite conjunctions -a 'but', -ma 'but, moreover', and -a, -ya 'and' are enclitic. That is, they have no independent accent but instead instead attach to a preceding independently accented word. Each of the enclitic conjunctions precedes all other enclitic particles and pronouns in the enclitic string.

49.1 Adversative -a-

The conjunction -a- 'but' is found mainly in early texts, and, although it is found in these texts beside the enclitic conjunction -ma, which is similar in meaning, -ma gradually spread at the expense of -a-, until -a- was eliminated. After vowels or idiograms it is spelled -ya, and after consonants it is spelled -a. Generally, it is attached to the initial word in its clause. Enclitic -a- may be used to conjoin two clauses, for example:

		takkuw-as		attas-sas-a		É-ri		aki
		If-she		her-father's-but		in house		dies
		"But if she dies in her father's house..."

		DINGIRDIDLI.HI.A-s-a		DUMUMEŠ-us		A.AB.BA-az		sarā dāer
		gods-but		children		out of sea		up took
		"But the gods took the boys up out of the sea."

		takku		kussan-a		natta		piyan
		if		wage-but		not		paid
		"But if the wage is not paid..."

		DTelepenus-a		arha iyannis
		Telepenus-but		away ran
		"But Telepenus ran away."

49.2 -ma-

The enclitic particle -ma is very common. Its basic function is to indicate a correlation between adjacent clauses or between words or phrases within clauses. Often, it has an adversative sense and may be translated 'but'. However, its more general use is to mark that two or more items or actions belong together. It can be used to join clauses. In the following the adversative sense is fairly clear.

		ammuk-ma-az		ŠÀ-az		lahlahhiman		ŪL		tarhmi
		I-but-reflexive		from heart		worry		not		overcome
		"But I cannot overcome the worry from (my) heart."

		takku		natta-ma		taranzi		nu		natta		paimi
		if		not-but		they say		then		not		I go
		"But if they don't say, I will not go."

In correlating sentences with negatives, the sense may be 'nor':

		DUMU.LÚ.ULÙ.LU		ŪL		innara		uwanun
		mortal-man		not		by force		I come
		ŪL-ma		sullani		uwanun
		not-but		for quarrel		I come
		"I, mortal man, have not come on my own account, nor have I come for strife."

In other contexts, though -ma may be translated as 'but' or 'and', the sense is neither clearly adversative nor conjunctive; instead, the particle serves to mark that action continues. In this sense, -ma may be used to mark the beginning of a turning point in a narrative or it may be used in a sentence that begins a paragraph that changes topics in an extended text.

		mahhan-ma		hameshanza		kisat		man
		when-but		spring		became		irrealis
		INA		KUR		URUAzzi		taninumanzi		pāun
		into		country		of Azzi		to restore order		I went
		"But as soon as it became spring, I would have gone into the land of Azzi to restore order."

		tuk-ma		DUTUŠI		kuit		KUR-TAM		ADDIN
		to you-but		my majesty		which		land		I have given
		nu-za		apāt		KUR-TAM		pahsi
		and-reflexive		that		land		protect
		"But protect the land which I, My Majesty, have given to you."

		pēdi-ssi-ma		ZÀ.HA.LI-an		anenun
		in place-its-and		cress		I sowed
		"And on its site I sowed cress."

		ANA		MUhha-LÚ-ma		LÚTE4MU		wiyanun
		to		Uhhazitti-moreover		messenger		I sent
		"Moreover, to Uhhaziti I sent a messenger."

The conjunction -ma may also mark the correlation, or equivalence, of words within adjacent clauses that are parallel or otherwise closely related. In the following sentence from the "Telpenus Myth," -ma marks the parallel between the ewe's treatment of her lamb and the cow's treatment of her calf. If the sentence were translated into English, a semicolon might be an appropriate way of indicating the relationship between the clauses:

		UDU-us-za		SILA4-ZU		mimmas
		ewe-reflexive		lamb-her		rejected
		GU4-ma		AMAR-ŠU		mimmas
		cow-and		calf-her		rejected
		"The ewe rejected her lamb; the cow rejected her calf."

Similarly, in the following from a ritual text, -ma marks the contrast between the appearance of the hawthorn bush in the spring, when it is in flower, and in the fall. This passage shows the overlap in function between contrastive -a and -ma, since in first clause contains -a, while the second contains -ma:

		hameshi-ya-z		BABBARTIM		wassasi
		in spring-but-reflexive		white		you wear
		BURU14-ma-z		isharwanda		wassasi
		at harvest time-but-reflexive		red		you wear

In negative constructions, -ma can mean 'nor' or 'neither ... nor':

		ŪL		iyat		kuitki		ŪL-ma		wastas		kuitki
		not		did		anything		not-but		sinned		any
		ŪL-ma-kan		dās		kuedanikki		kuitki
		not-but-locatival		took		from anyone		anything
		"He neither did anything, nor committed any sin, nor took anything from anyone."

49.3 Conjunctive -a-, -ya- 'and'

The correlative enclitic conjunction -a 'and' resembles -a 'but', and, indeed, it took scholars a number of years after Hittite was deciphered to distinguish the two. Like the particle -a 'but', it normally written -ya after vowels and often, though not always written as -ya after Sumerograms and Akkadograms. Unlike -a 'but', however, the conjunction -a 'and' causes gemination, or doubling, of a consonant that it follows. Also, unlike -a 'but', -a 'and' is not confined to early texts:

		GUD-ya-wa-mu		kuin		tet		nu-war-an-mu		uppi
		ox-and-quotative-me		that		you said		and-quotative-it-me		send
		"And the ox that you promised me, send it to me."

		apedani-ya		uddani		wasduli		harteni
		for this-and		for matter		in sin		you hold
		"...and for this matter you hold (us) in sin."

		memiyann-a-ssi		lē		mematti
		word-and-to her		not		you speak
		"And you should not speak a word to her."

		lalesmess-a		ŪL		siyānza
		the invoice-and		not		sealed
		"And the invoice was not sealed."

The conjunction -a 'and' is often used to join nouns within a clause. Generally, the enclitic is attached to the second noun, but it may occasionally be attached to the first, as in the last phrase.

		n-at-kan		DINGIRMEŠ-as		antuhsass-a		āssu
		and-it-locatival		to gods		men-and		dear
		"It is dear to gods and men."

		nepis		tēkan-a		harsi
		heaven		earth-and		you hold
		"You hold heaven and earth."

		takku		attass-a		annas		mimmai
		if		father-and		mother		refuse
		"If the father and mother refuse (to make compensation to their daughter's jilted fiance)..."

The following sentence, from an Old Hittite historical text, has both -a 'but' and -a 'and':

		GI^SBANHI.A-a-ssan		kuyēs		huettiyanta
		bows-but-locatival		who		drawn
		GIŠKAK.Ú.TAG.GAHI.A-ya		harkanzi
		bows arrows-and		they hold
		"But those who hold drawn bows and arrows..."

49.4 The Akkadogram Ù

In some instances the Akkadogram Ù 'and' is employed as a conjunction. It is not known how it was read in Hittite.

		kī		NA4pēru		māhhan		uktūri
		this		boulder		just as		eternal
		BĒLU		Ù		DAM-ŠU		DUMUMEŠ-ŠU		QĀTAMMA
		lord		and		wife-his		children-his		likewise
		uktūres		asantu
		eternal		let them be
		"Just as this boulder is eternal, let the lord (i.e. the king), his wife, and his children be eternal."

49.5 Omitted Conjunctions

Finally, clauses or phrases within a sentence may be closely connected but not conjoined with an overt conjunction:

		ītten		azzikatten		akkuskatten
		go		keep eating		keep drinking
		"Go, keep eating (and) drinking! (i.e., 'remain alive')"

50 The Modal Particle man

Hittite, unlike Greek and Latin, had neither a subjunctive nor an optative. Instead, sentences that denote unreal, or contrary to fact conditions, potential conditions, or wishes, were signaled with the irrealis particle man. Normally, the particle is spelled ma-an as distinct from the conjunction mān (spelled ma-a-an), but examples of the particle spelled ma-a-an are sometimes found. The reasons behind this variation in spelling are not entirely clear.

50.1 Use in contrary-to-fact clauses

The particle man, sometimes called the "irrealis particle" is used with verbs in the past tense to indicate contrary to fact conditions, actions that the subject would or might have taken that were prevented or that simply did not occur for some reason.

For example, in the following sentence from the "Annals of Mursilis," the reason Mursilis does not go on a military campaign into Azzi is that the people of Azzi hear that he is coming and capitulate in advance of his expedition:

		mahhan-ma		hameshanza		kisat		man		INA		KUR		URUAzzi
		when-but		spring		became		irrealis		into		country		of Azzi
		taninumanzi		pāun
		to restore order		I went
		"But as soon as it became spring, I would have gone into the land of Azzi to restore order."

In this sentence from the "Proclamation of Telepenus," Telepenus claims that his brother-in-law would have killed him and his wife had not the brother-in-law's intentions become known:

		mān-us-kan		MHuzziyas		kuenta		nu		uttar		isduwāti
		irrealis-them-locatival		Huzziyas		killed		but		plan		became known
		"Huzziyas would have killed them, but the plan became known."

In this sentence from Mursili's "Annals" the contrary to fact clause with man begins the sentence. The expression "the year had become short" means that winter, the season during which Hittite kings did not campaign, was closing in:

		man		INA		URUHayasa		pāun-pat
		irrealis		into		Hayasa		I went-also
		nu-za		MU.KAM-za		ser tēpauēssanza
		and-reflexive		year		had become short
		"I would also have gone to Hayasa (to attack it), but the year had become short."

The particle can be present in both the conditional clause and in the result clause:

		man		tiyat		man-as-kan		suhhaz		katta		maustat
		irrealis		stepped		irrealis-she-locatival		from roof		down		fell
		"Had she (the goddess, Hebat) taken a step, she would have fallen down from the roof."

50.2 Use With the Present-Future

Sentences with man and verbs in the present-future and nominal sentences with man express possible actions. This sentence from the "Deeds of Suppiluliuma" begins with a clause with the conjuction mān 'if', and suggests a possible outcome if the conditions expressed in the if-clause are fulfilled:

		mān-wa-mu		1-an		DUMU-KA		paisti
		if-quotative-to me		one		son-your		you give
		man-war-as-mu		LÚMUTIYA		kisari
		irrealis-quotative-he-to me		husband		become
		"If you give me one (of) your son(s), he could become my husband."

50.3 Use in Wishes

Man may also be used to express a wish of a speaker or of the subject of a sentence:

		asi-man-wa		URU-as		ammel		kisari
		that-irrealis-quotative		city		mine		becomes
		"I wish that city were mine."

		man-wa		MDUTUŠI		TI-eszi
		irrealis-quotative		his majesty		lives
		"I hope his majesty lives."

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