Old Iranian Online

ainīm - noun; accusative singular masculine <anya-> 'other'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

aipī - preposition; <aipi> 'toward, approaching'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aipī-ciθīṯ - adverb; <aipi> 'toward, approaching' + ; <ciθ> indefinite marker

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

aiβi-družinti - verbal prefix; <aiwi> 'toward, with respect to' + verb; 3rd person plural present indicative active <draoga-> 'lie, deceive'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

aurvaθanąm - noun; genitive plural masculine <aurvaθana-> 'adversary'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

aurvantəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <aurvant-> 'swift, runner, steed'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

aurvō - noun; vocative singular masculine <aurvant-> 'swift, runner, steed'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

aēibyō - demonstrative pronoun; dative plural <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aēnaŋhąm - noun; genitive plural neuter <aēnah-> 'sin'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aēm - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

aēvā - adjective; nominative singular masculine <aēva-> 'one, alone'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

aēvā - adjective; instrumental singular masculine <aēva-> 'one, alone'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

aēšasā - adjective; nominative plural masculine <aēšasa-> 'wild'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

aēšąm - demonstrative pronoun; genitive plural <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aēšəmō - noun; nominative singular masculine <aēšəma-> 'anger, fury, wrath'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

aēšəməm - noun; accusative singular masculine <aēšəma-> 'anger, fury, wrath'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aēšma - noun; instrumental singular masculine <aēšma-> 'anger, fury, wrath'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

aogō - noun; accusative singular neuter <aogah-> 'power, strength'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

aojan̨ha - noun; instrumental singular masculine <aogah-> 'power, strength'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

aojištō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <uγra-> 'strong' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

aorā-cā - adverbial prefix; <aorā> 'down' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

akəm-cā - adjective; accusative singular neuter <aka-> 'bad, evil, wicked' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

axvafnəm - privative prefix; <a> 'no, none' + noun; accusative singular masculine <x^vafna-> 'sleep, dream'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

aŋhaitī - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aŋhaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aŋhuš - noun; nominative singular masculine <aŋhu-> 'existence, life'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

acištā - adjective; accusative plural masculine <aka-> 'bad, evil, wicked' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

acištō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <aka-> 'bad, evil, wicked' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

acištəm - adjective; accusative singular neuter <aka-> 'bad, evil, wicked' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ajyāitīm-cā - noun; accusative singular masculine <ajyaiti-> 'death' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aṯ - particle; <aṯ> 'then, but, and, so, thus'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aṯ-cā - particle; <aṯ> 'then, but, and, so, thus' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aθā - adverb; <aθā> 'so, thus, likewise'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

aθra - indeclinable; <aθra> 'here, there'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

adā - adverb; <adā> 'then, thereupon, thus'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

advaēšō - compound noun; nominative singular masculine <a-> (privative) + ; <dvaesa-> 'hatred'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

anaēšəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <anaēša-> 'powerless'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

anāiš - demonstrative pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <ana-> 'him'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

anąsaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular augmented aorist indicative active <nas> 'be lost, disappear'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

anyē - adjective; nominative plural masculine <anya-> 'other'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

anyō - noun; nominative singular masculine <anya-> 'other'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

anyō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <anya-> 'other'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

apə̄mem - adjective; accusative singular neuter <apə̄məm> 'last'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

apə̄məm - adverb; <apə̄məm> 'last'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

abyas-cā - demonstrative pronoun; dative plural feminine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

amavantəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <amavant-> 'strong, powerful, vigorous'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ayaŋhā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <ayah-> 'metal, iron'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ayå - demonstrative pronoun; genitive dual masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aršuxδaēibyasca - adjective; <ərəš-> 'right, correct, true' + past participle passive; instrumental singular feminine <vak> 'say, speak, declare' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

arš-vacaŋhəm - adjective; <ərəš-> 'right, correct, true' + noun; accusative singular masculine <vacah-> 'speech, word'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

a-vaēnatā - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.' + verb; 2nd person plural present imperative active <vaēna-> 'see, observe, look'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

avaēšąm - demonstrative pronoun; genitive plural neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

avaṯ - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <ava-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

avarə̄ - adverb; <avar> 'down'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

avavaṯ - adjective; accusative singular neuter <avant-> 'as much, so much, so long, such'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

avā - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

avåntəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <avant-> 'as much, so much, so long, such'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

avō - adjective; accusative singular neuter <avah-> 'help, helping'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

avō-bavaitī - verbal prefix; <ava> 'away, down' + verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <bu> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

asištā - adjective; nominative plural masculine <asišta-> 'fastest'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

asūrahyā - adjective; genitive singular masculine <asura-> 'weak'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

asə̄nō - noun; accusative plural masculine <asan-> 'stone, heaven'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

asti - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <ah-> 'be, become'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

astū - verb; 3rd person singular present imperative active <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

aspanąm - noun; genitive singular masculine <aspa-> 'horse'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

asrvātəm - verb; 3rd person dual aorist indicative passive <sru> 'hear, listen'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

aša - noun; instrumental singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ašaonaēca - noun; dative singular masculine <ašavant-> 'follower of the Truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ašaonaṯ - noun; ablative singular masculine <ašavant-> 'follower of the Truth'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ašaonąm - adjective; genitive plural masculine <ašavant-> 'follower of the Truth'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ašava-jaciṯ - noun; <ašavant-> 'follower of the Truth' + root noun; <gan-> 'slayer' + indefinite marker; <ciṯ> gives indefinite or emphatic sense

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ašavabyō - noun; dative plural masculine <ašavant-> 'follower of the Truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašavabyō - noun; dative singular masculine <ašavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ašavā - adjective; nominative singular masculine <ašavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ašahyā - noun; genitive singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ašah́yā-cā - noun; genitive singular masculine <aša-> 'truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašāi - noun; dative singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašāi-cā - noun; dative singular neuter <aša-> 'truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ašāunī - adjective; nominative singular feminine <ašavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ašāunē - noun; dative singular masculine <ašavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašāum - noun; accusative singular feminine <ašavan-> '(in accordance with) Truth'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ašā-cā - noun; nominative singular masculine <aša-> 'truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašā-cā - adjective; instrumental singular neuter <aša-> 'truth' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ašāṯ - noun; ablative singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ašāṯ-cīṯ - noun; ablative singular neuter <aša-> 'truth' + emphatic particle; <cīṯ> 'indeed, verily, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ašəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

azəm - personal pronoun; nominative singular <azəm-> 'I'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

azə̄m-cīṯ - pronoun; 1st person nominative singular <azəm-> 'I' + emphatic particle; <cīṯ> 'indeed, verily, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

azyå - adjective; genitive singular feminine <azi-> 'fertile'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

ahurahe - noun; genitive singular masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ahurā - noun; vocative singular masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahurāi - noun; dative singular masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahuråŋhō - noun; vocative plural masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahurō - noun; nominative singular masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ahurəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <ahura-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ahū - noun; nominative singular masculine <ahu-> 'lord'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ahūm - noun; accusative singular masculine <aŋhu-> 'existence, life'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahūm - noun; accusative singular neuter <ahu-> 'existence, life, breath'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahe - particle; <ahe> 'indeed, certainly'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ahmaṯ - adverb; <ahmaṯ> 'henceforth'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ahmāi - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahmāi-cā - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ahyā - demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ahyā - demonstrative pronoun; genitive singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ahvā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <ah> 'energy, zest, zeal'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

ā - postposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ā - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

āaṯ - adverb; <āaṯ> 'then, thereupon, therefore, and, but'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

āiš - demonstrative pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

āxva - indeclinable; <aθra> 'here, there'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ātarš - noun; nominative singular masculine <ātar-> 'fire'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ā-tē - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.' + enclitic pronoun; <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ādānāiš - noun; instrumental plural neuter <ādāna-> 'portion, forging together, retaliation'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ā-dəbaomā - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.' + noun; nominative singular masculine <dəbaoman-> 'beguilement, deception'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ādrə̄ng - noun; accusative plural masculine <ādra-> 'lowly'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

ā-mōyastrā-baranā - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.' + enclitic pronoun; dative singular <azəm-> 'I' + privative prefix; <a> 'no, none' + adjective; <stra-> 'spread-out' (?) + noun; instrumental singular masculine <barana-> 'carriage, support'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

āyaptā - noun; accusative plural neuter <āyapta-> 'riches, bounty, boon, spoils'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

āyesē - verbal prefix; <ā> (conveys sense of reversal with verbs of motion) + verb; 1st person singular present indicative middle <yam> 'offer'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ārmaitiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <ārmaiti-> 'devotion, piety'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

Ārmatōiš - proper name; genitive singular feminine <Armaiti-> name of a goddess = 'righteousness, devotion, piety'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

āvarənå - noun; accusative dual masculine <āvarəna-> 'invitation, choice'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

āsu-aspīm - adjective; <āsu-> 'swift' + noun; accusative singular feminine <aspi-> 'mare'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

āsnąm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <āsna-> 'successful, effective'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

āzūtōiš - adjective; genitive singular feminine <āzuiti-> 'fat, butter'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

āžuš - noun; accusative singular neuter <āzhuš-> 'propulsion implement'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

āhitiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <āhiti-> 'defilement, pollution

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

āhišāyā - preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.' + verb; 3rd person singular perfect indicative active <hišāy-> 'bind, tie up'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

ås-cā - demonstrative pronoun; genitive dual masculine <a-> 'he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ąnmā - noun; accusative singular neuter <ąnman-> 'spirit, breath'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ąsuš - noun; accusative plural masculine <ahu-> 'existence, life, breath'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

iθā - adverb; <iθā> 'thus'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

idā - particle; <idā> 'here'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

irīraθarə - verb; 3rd person plural perfect indicative active <raēθa-> 'rush upon, mix with'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

ivīzayathā - verbal prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; 2nd person plural present indicative active <zā> 'abandon, relinquish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

išəntō - present participle active; vocative plural masculine <iš> 'strive, desire, arrive'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ī - enclitic demonstrative pronoun; 3rd person accusative plural masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ī - enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

īm - enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

īratū - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <ar> 'rise'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

īš - enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural masculine <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

īš - enclitic demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

īšā-xšaθrīm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <īšā-xšaθri> 'powerful'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

īštiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <īšti-> 'sacrifice'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

uxδā - noun; accusative plural neuter <uxδa-> 'word, saying'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

uxδāiš - noun; instrumental plural neuter <uxδa-> 'word, saying'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

uxšyeiti - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative passive <vaxš> 'grow'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

uta - conjunction; <uta> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

utayūitiš - adjective; nominative singular feminine <utayūiti-> 'fresh, lasting, enduring'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

uparəmcit - adverb; <uparəm> 'above' + indefinite marker; <ciṯ> gives indefinite or emphatic sense

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

upa-staomi - verbal prefix; <upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.' + verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <stu> 'praise, laud, extol, celebrate'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

upā - adverbial postposition; <upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

upā-jasaṯ - verbal prefix; <upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <gam> 'go'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

upāstaoiti - verbal prefix; <upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.' + verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <stu> 'praise, laud, extol, celebrate'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

upāzaiti - verbal prefix; <upa> 'near, up on/to, etc.' + verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <zan> 'bear, give birth'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

urušaēibyō - adjective; dative plural masculine <uruša-> 'emaciated'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

urūruδuša - perfect active participle; instrumental singular masculine <raod> 'grow, sprout'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

urvā - noun; nominative singular masculine <urvan-> 'soul, self'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

urvātā - noun; accusative plural neuter <urvāta-> 'rule, order, commandment'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

urvāzā - noun; accusative plural neuter <urvāza-> 'joy, bliss'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ustānāiš - adjective; instrumental plural masculine <ustana-> 'stretched forth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

uštā - verb; 2nd person plural imperfect indicative active <vas> 'desire, wish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

uštā - past participle passive; accusative plural masculine <vas> 'desire, wish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ərəš - adverb; <ərəš-> 'right, correct, true'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ərəšvåŋhō - noun accusative plural masculine; <ərəšva-> 'lofty'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

ərəzūš - adjective; accusative plural masculine <erezu-> 'straight, just'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ərəžəjyōi - adjective; dative singular masculine <ərəžəji-> 'living justly'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ə̄ - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <a-> 'he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ə̄əāvā - preposition; <ə̄əāvā> 'down'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ə̄nəitī - noun; accusative dual feminine <ə̄nəiti-> 'ill-being, lack of freedom'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

ə̄hmā-rātōiš - pronoun; compound stem form <azəm-> 'I' + noun; genitive singular masculine <rāta-> 'gift'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

kainibyō - noun; dative plural feminine <kainya-> 'maiden, girl'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

kaēnā - noun; nominative singular feminine <kaēnā-> 'atonement, punishment'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

kaθā - adverb; <kaθā> 'how, in what way'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

kadā - adverb; <kadā> 'when'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

kayaδanąm - noun; genitive plural masculine <kayaδa-> category of evil deed

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

kava-cā - noun; nominative singular masculine <kəvi-> 'title: adherent to the daevic religion' (?) + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

kastē - interrogative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ka-> 'who, what'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

kahmāi - interrogative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ka-> 'who, what'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

kudā - adverb; <kudā> 'where'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

kū - adverb; <ku> 'where'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

kərədušā - perfect active participle; instrumental singular masculine <(hapax) krd> 'send' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

kərənaon - verb; 3rd person plural present subjunctive active <kar> 'do, make'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

kəhrpəm - noun; accusative singular feminine <kəhrp-> 'form, body, outward appearance'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

kəhrpə̄m - noun; accusative singular feminine <kəhrp-> 'form, body, outward appearance'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

kə̄ - interrogative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ka-> 'who, what'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

kə̄m - interrogative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ka-> 'who, what'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

xraosəntąm - verb; 3rd person plural present imperative middle <xruš> 'scream, howl'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xraoždištə̄ng - adjective; accusative plural masculine <xrūždra-> 'hard, firm' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xraθwā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <xraθwa-> 'power, will, insight'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xrūnerąm-cā - adjective; genitive plural masculine <xrūnar-> 'man-defiling' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xrvīm-drvō - adjective; accusative singular masculine <xrvi-> 'bloody' + noun; genitive singular masculine <drav-> 'wood'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

xvaētaovē - adjective; dative singular masculine <x^vaētu-> 'belonging to the family'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xvafnā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <x^vafna-> 'sleep, dream'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xvareitiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <x^vareiti-> 'nourishment'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

xvarənaŋhaca - noun; instrumental singular masculine <x^varənah-> 'glory' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

xvah́yāi - reflexive pronoun; dative singular feminine <x^va-> 'self'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xvāθrəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <x^vathra-> 'good breathing, ease, comfort'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xvādaēnāṯ - prefix; <x^va> 'good, worthy' + noun; ablative singular masculine <daēnā-> 'attitude, intention, insight'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

xvāparąm - prefix; <hu> 'well, good, beautiful' + adverb; <param> 'far, away, opposite, across'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

xvāpå - adjective; nominative singular masculine <x^vapah-> 'dream-like'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

xvīti-cā - noun; accusative dual feminine <x^viti-> 'well-being, freedom of movement' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xvə̄nvaṯ - noun; stem <hvar-> 'sun' + possessive suffix; <-vat-> '...'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xšaθrā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <xšaθra-> 'power'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xšaθrəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <xšaθra-> 'power'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xšaθrəm-cā - noun; nominative singular neuter <xšaθra-> 'power' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

xšaθrəm-cā - noun; accusative singular neuter <xšaθra-> 'power' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

xšanmə̄nē - infinitive; dative <xšam> 'accept'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

xšayantō - present participle active; nominative plural masculine <xšaya> 'ruling'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

xšnaošən - verb; 3rd person plural s-aorist indicative active <xsnu> 'satisfy'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

xšnə̄m - noun; accusative singular feminine <xšnā-> 'recognition' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xšmaibyā - pronoun; dative plural masculine <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

xšmaibyā-cā - personal pronoun; dative plural <yūžəm-> 'you' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

xšmaṯ - pronoun; ablative singular <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

xšvīdəm-cā - noun; accusative singular masculine <xšvid-> 'milk' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

gairinąm - noun; genitive plural masculine <gairi-> 'mountain'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

gaēm-cā - noun; accusative singular masculine <gaya-> 'life' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

gaodāyō - compound adjective; accusative singular neuter <gao-> 'cow' + ; <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

gaoma - adjective; nominative singular masculine <gaoman-> 'possessed of milk'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

gara - noun; locative singular masculine <gairi-> 'mountain'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

garayō - noun; accusative plural masculine <gairi-> 'mountain'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

gava - noun; instrumental singular feminine <gao-> 'cow'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

gavōi - noun; dative singular feminine <gao-> 'cow'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

gūšatā - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative middle <guš> 'hear'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

gərəždā - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <gərəz-> 'lament, complain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

gə̄uš - noun; genitive singular feminine <gao-> 'cow'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

gə̄uš-aiš - noun; instrumental plural masculine <gə̄uša-> 'ear'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

gə̄uš-cā - noun; genitive singular feminine <gao-> 'cow' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

carānəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <carana-> 'moving, feet, support'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

carəkərəθrā - noun; accusative plural neuter <carəkərəθra-> '(hymns of) praise'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ciθrəm - adjective; accusative singular neuter <ciθrəm> 'manifest, clear, visible, plain'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

cistiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <cisti-> 'knowledge, thought'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

jaiδyantō - present participle passive; nominative plural masculine <gad> 'ask, entreat, supplicate'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

jaγaurvåŋhəm - perfect participle; accusative singular masculine <gar> 'be awake'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

janyå - verb; 2nd person singular present subjunctive active <jan> 'smite, slay, destroy'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

jamaitī - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <gam> 'go'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

jasaētəm - verb; 3rd person dual imperfect indicative middle <gam> 'go'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

jasaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <gam> 'go'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

jimā - verb; 1st person singular aorist subjunctive active <gam> 'go'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

jə̄nayō - noun; vocative plural feminine <jə̄naya-> 'woman'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

jə̄nerąm - adjective; genitive plural masculine <jə̄nar-> 'man-killing' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

jyātə̄uš - noun; genitive singular masculine <jyātu-> 'life'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

taibyō - demonstrative pronoun; dative plural masculine <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

taibyō - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tatašaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <tas> 'carve, create, fashion, shape'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

tatašā - verb; 3rd person singular perfect indicative active <tas> 'carve, create, fashion, shape'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

taṯ - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular neuter <ta-> 'he, that, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

taṯ - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular neuter <ta-> 'he, that, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tanubyō - noun; dative plural neuter <tanu-> 'body'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

tanuyē - noun; dative singular masculine <tanu-> 'body'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tanvō - noun; genitive singular feminine <tanu-> 'body'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tavā - personal pronoun; genitive singular <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tašaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <tas> 'carve, create, fashion, shape'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

tašā - noun; nominative singular masculine <tašar-> 'carver, fashioner, shaper, creator'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

tā - demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tā - pronoun; nominative dual masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tāiš - demonstrative pronoun; instrumental plural masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tū - emphatic particle; <tū> '...'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tē - enclitic pronoun; genitive singular <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

tōi - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular <ta-> 'he, that, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tōi - pronoun; genitive singular masculine <ha-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

tōi - pronoun; nominative plural masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

tōi - personal pronoun; dative singular <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

təm - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

təviš-cā - noun; nominative singular neuter <təvis-> 'violence' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

tə̄m - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ta-> 'he, that, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tə̄m - personal pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

tə̄m - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

tə̄m-cā - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ṯbišyantąm - present participle passive; genitive plural masculine <ṯbiš> 'hate, despise'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

θwaxšō - noun; accusative singular neuter <θwaxša-> 'zeal, care, nurture'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

θwarōždūm - verb; 2nd person plural s-aorist indicative middle <θwarōz> 'carve, fashion, shape, create'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

θwā - enclitic pronoun; 2nd person accusative singular <θwa> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

θwā - personal pronoun; accusative singular masculine <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

θwā - possessive pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <θwa> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

θwąm - pronoun; 2nd person accusative singular <θwa> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

θwōrəštā - noun; nominative singular masculine <θwōrəšṯar> 'Fashioner'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

daiŋ́haom - noun; accusative singular feminine <dahyav-> 'country, region, realm'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

daēnayāi - noun; dative singular feminine <daēnā-> 'attitude, intention, insight'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

daēnayå - noun; genitive singular feminine <daēnā-> 'attitude, intention, insight'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

daēnābīš - noun; instrumental plural feminine <daēnā-> 'attitude, intention, insight'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

daēnąm - noun; accusative singular feminine <daēnā-> 'attitude, intention, insight'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

daēvanąm - noun; genitive plural masculine <daēva-> 'divine being'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

daēvāiš-cā - noun; instrumental plural masculine <daēva-> 'divine being' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

daēvā-cinā - noun; nominative plural masculine <daēva-> 'divine being' + indefinite particle; <cinā> '...'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

daŋhaŋha - adjective; instrumental singular masculine <dan̨hah-> 'skillful'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

dadātū - verb; 3rd person singular present imperative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dadāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

dadāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

dadən - verb; 3rd person plural present subjunctive active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

daδāiti - verb; 3rd person plural present indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

daδāiti - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

daδąm - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

dafšnyā - adjective; nominative plural masculine <dafšnya-> 'powerless'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dabən - verb; 3rd person plural aorist indicative active <dab> 'fit together' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

darəgə̄m - adjective; accusative singular neuter <darəga-> 'long'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

darəsatā - noun; accusative plural neuter <darəsata-> 'visible, beautiful to see'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

dazdūm - verb; 2nd person plural present imperative middle <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dazdē - verb; 3rd person dual imperfect indicative middle <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

dātā - verb; 2nd person plural aorist imperative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

dātā - verb; 2nd person plural aorist indicative middle <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

dāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dāmiδātəm - noun; <dāmi-> 'creation' + past participle passive; accusative singular masculine <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

dāmōhu - noun; locative plural neuter <dāman-> 'dwelling, creation, creatures (pl.)'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

dāyāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist optative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

dāhī - verb; 2nd person singular aorist subjunctive active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dåŋhō - noun; genitive singular neuter <dah-> 'gift'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dim - personal pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

dugədrąm - noun; genitive plural feminine <dugədar-> 'daughter'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

duš-xvarəthə̄m - compound noun; accusative singular neuter <duš-> 'bad, evil' + ; <x^varətha-> 'food'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dušmainyunąm - prefix; <duš-> 'bad, evil' + noun; genitive plural masculine <mainyu-> 'spirit'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

duždåŋhō - adjective; nominative plural neuter <duždā-> 'of bad gifts, maleficent'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

dužvarənāiš - noun; instrumental plural masculine <dužvarena-> 'choosing badly'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dužvarəšnaŋhō - noun; nominative plural masculine <dužvarešnah-> 'wrong-doers'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dərəš-cā - noun; nominative singular feminine <darəs-> 'wantoness, rage, fury' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

dərəzā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <dərəz-> 'shackle'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

də̄jīṯ-arətaēibyō - compound noun; dative plural masculine <dəjit-> 'violation' (?) + noun; <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

də̄jīṯ-arətā - compound noun; nominative plural masculine <dəjit-> 'violation' (?) + noun; <aša-> 'truth'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

dyāi - verb; 1st person singular present subjunctive passive <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

drujim - noun; accusative singular masculine <druj-> 'deceit'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

drūjō - noun; ablative singular feminine <druj-> 'deceit'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

drəgaovē - noun; dative singular masculine <drigu-> 'needy, poor'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

drəgvatąm - adjective; genitive plural masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

drəgvatō - present participle active; genitive singular masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

drəgvasū - noun; locative plural masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

drəgvå - adjective; nominative dual masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

drəgvōdəbīš - noun; instrumental plural masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

drəgvōdəbyō - noun; dative plural masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

drəgvō-dəbyō - adjective; dative plural masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

drvataēca - noun; dative singular masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

drvataṯ - noun; ablative singular masculine <drəgvant-> 'possessor of the Lie'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

drvatātəm - noun; accusative singular feminine <drvatāt-> 'health, vitality'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

dvaidī - verb; 1st person dual aorist indicative middle <dā-> 'give, put'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

dvafšō - noun; nominative singular masculine <dvafša-> 'distress, ruin, pain, anguish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

naēdā - negative particle; <naēda> 'not, nor'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

narō - noun; vocative plural masculine <nar-> 'man'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

narəpīš - noun; nominative singular neuter <narəpi-> 'reduction, absence'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

narəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <nar-> 'man'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

narə̄m - noun; accusative singular masculine <nar-> 'man'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

narš - noun; nominative singular masculine <nar-> 'man'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nasyeiti - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <nas> 'be lost, disappear'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nā - enclitic personal pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <azəm-> 'I'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nå - enclitic pronoun; 1st person dative singular <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

nąsaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <ans> 'attain' + 3rd person singular aorist indicative active; <nas> 'be lost, disappear'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

niγne - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 1st person singular present indicative middle <gan> 'smite, strike'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nitəmacit - adjective; <nitəma-> 'lowest' + indefinite marker; <ciṯ> gives indefinite or emphatic sense

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nidaθaṯ - verbal prefix; <ni> 'down' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

nivarānī - preposition; <nī> '...' + verb; 1st person singular present subjunctive active <var> 'choose'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

nū - adverb; <nū> 'now'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

nōiṯ - negative particle; <nōiṯ> 'no, none'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

nəmaŋhaca - noun; instrumental singular neuter <naman-> 'reverence' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

nərəš - noun; genitive singular masculine <nar-> 'man'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

nə̄ - enclitic pronoun; 1st person genitive plural <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

nə̄ - enclitic pronoun; 1st person dative plural <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

nə̄ - enclitic pronoun; 2nd person accusative plural <vaēm-> 'we'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

nə̄ - enclitic pronoun; dative plural masculine <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

nmānāṯ - noun; ablative singular neuter <nmāna-> 'abode, house'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

paiti - preposition; <paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

paiti - postposition; <paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

paiti-jaitīm - preposition; <paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to' + active noun; accusative singular feminine <jaiti-> 'going'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

paitī-mravaṯ - verbal prefix; <paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to' + verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <mrū> 'speak, say'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

paitī-zānatā - verbal prefix; <paiti> 'near, toward, with respect to' + verb; 2nd person plural present imperative active <xšnā> 'know'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

paityāstīm - noun; accusative singular feminine <paityāstī-> 'firm foundation'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

paiθyaē-cā - noun; dative singular masculine <paiti-> 'husband, master' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

pairi-jasāi - verbal prefix; <pairi> 'around, among' + verb; 1st person singular present subjunctive middle <gam> 'go'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

pairī - postposition; <pairi> 'around, among'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

pairī-ciθīṯ - adverb; <pairi> 'around, among' + ; <ciθ> indefinite marker

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

paurvatāxva - noun; accusative plural neuter (?) <paurvat-> 'mountain' + demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter (?) <hva-> 'this'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

paouruyē - adjective; nominative dual masculine <paouruya-> 'first, original'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

paouruyō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <paouruya-> 'first, original'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

paourvīm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <paouruya-> 'first, original'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

paourvīm - adverb; <paouruya-> 'first, original'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

paθanąm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <paθana-> 'spacious'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

paθō - noun; accusative plural masculine <paθ-> 'path, road'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

pantąm - noun; accusative singular feminine <paθ-> 'path, road'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

para-cā - adverbial prefix; <parā> 'before, beyond, away' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

parā - preposition; <parā> 'before, beyond, away'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

parā - adverb; <parā> 'before, beyond, away'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

piθā - noun; accusative plural neuter <piθa-> 'defense'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Pourucistā - proper name; vocative singular feminine <Pourucistā-> 'Pouruchista' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

pouru-sareδō - adjective; <pouru-> 'many' + noun; nominative singular masculine <sareδa-> 'kind, sort, species'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

pouru-spaxštīm - adjective; <pouru-> 'wide' + noun; accusative singular feminine <spaxšti-> 'vision'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

pərəθu-vaēδayanəm - adjective; <pərəθu-> 'wide, broad' + noun; accusative singular masculine <vaēδayana-> 'attainment, discovery, acquisition'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

pərəθvīm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <pərəθu-> 'wide, broad'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

pərəsaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <pərəs-> 'ask'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

pərəsåŋhe - verb; 2nd person singular s-aorist subjunctive middle <fras> 'inquire, discuss'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

pərəsmanəng - present participle middle; accusative plural masculine <pərəs-> 'ask'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

pəšō-tanvō - compound noun; nominative plural masculine <peša-> 'brought to an end' + ; <tanu-> 'body'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

feδrōi - noun; dative singular masculine <pitar-> 'father'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ferašvā - verb; 2nd person singular s-aorist imperative middle <fras> 'inquire, discuss'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Fərašaoštras-cā - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Ferašaoštra-> 'Frashaostra' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

fərašə̄m - adjective; accusative singular masculine <fəraša-> 'shining'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

fraorəṯ - adverb; <fraorəṯ> 'readily'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

frajyāitiš - noun; nominative singular masculine <frajyāiṯi> 'life's possibility'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

fratarəmcit - adverb; <fratarəm> 'opposite' + indefinite marker; <ciṯ> gives indefinite or emphatic sense

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

fradaxšta - adjective; nominative plural masculine <fradaxštā-> 'guiding, instructive'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

fravašayō - noun; nominative plural feminine <fravaši-> the immortal element in a person, personified as a class of deity

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

fravāxšē - noun; locative singular masculine <fravāxš-> 'stalk, branch, penis'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

frasåbyō - noun; dative plural feminine <frasā-> 'question, inquiry'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

frasparəγē - noun; locative singular masculine <frasparak-> 'sprout'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

frazaintīm - noun; accusative singular feminine <frazanti-> 'progeny, offspring'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

frāidīm - noun; accusative singular masculine <frāidi-> 'growth, prosperity'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

frākərəsta - verbal prefix; <fra> 'forward, toward' + past participle passive; instrumental singular masculine <kar> 'do, make'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

frāxšnənē - noun; locative singular masculine <frāxšnəna-> 'concern'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

frādaδąm - verbal prefix; <fra> 'forward, toward' + verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <dā-> 'give, put'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

frīnəmnā - present participle middle; nominative dual masculine <frī> 'devote'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

fšuyantaē-cā - present participle active; dative singular masculine <fsuya-> 'breed (esp. cattle)' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

fšuyentē - present participle active; dative singular masculine <fsuya-> 'breed (esp. cattle)'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

baēvarə-cašmanəm - adjective; <baēvara-> 'ten-thousand' + noun; accusative singular masculine <cašman-> 'eye'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

baēšaza - noun; accusative plural neuter <baēšaza-> 'remedy, poison'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

baēšazəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <baēšaza-> 'remedy, poison'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

baēšazyehe - adjective; genitive singular masculine <baēšazya-> 'generative, curative'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

baodantō - present participle active; nominative plural masculine <bud> 'be attentive, aware'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

baγō - noun; nominative singular masculine <baγa-> 'god, deity'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

barəθrīm - noun; accusative singular feminine <barəθri-> 'mother, womb'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

barəsmana - noun; instrumental singular neuter <barəsman-> grass bundle used in the Indo-Iranian sacrifice

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

barəšaēšu - noun; locative singular plural <barəša-> 'neck, back'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

barəzayå - adjective; genitive singular feminine <barəz> 'high, exalted, loud'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

baršnuš - noun; accusative plural masculine <baršnu-> 'high point, peak'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

bavaiti - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <bu> 'be, become'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

bavaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <bu> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

bāδa - adverb; <bāδa> 'true, reliable'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

bąnayən - verb; 3rd person plural present injunctive active <banaya-> 'poison, make ill'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

būnōi - noun; locative singular masculine <būna-> 'ground, base'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

bərəzantō - present participle active; accusative plural masculine <bərəz-> 'be high, elevated'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

bərəzantəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <bərəzant-> 'high, elevated, lofty, big, great, clear'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

maiδyån̨hō - adjective; nominative plural masculine <maiδyah-> 'madness-inducing'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

mainivå - noun; genitive dual masculine <mainyu-> 'spirit'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mainyuš - noun; nominative singular masculine <mainyu-> 'spirit'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mainyū - noun; nominative dual masculine <mainyu-> 'spirit'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mairištō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <mairišṯa-> 'knowing/remembering best'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

mairyō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <mairya-> 'false, malicious'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

maēγəmca - noun; accusative singular masculine <maēγa-> 'cloud' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

maēθā - adjective; nominative singular feminine <maēδa-> 'changing, false'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

magahyā - noun; genitive singular masculine <maga-> 'gift'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

magāi-ā - noun; dative singular masculine <maga-> 'gift' + preposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

magə̄m - noun; accusative singular masculine <maga-> 'gift'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

maδō - noun; nominative singular masculine <maδa-> 'intoxication'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

mana - personal pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <azəm-> 'I'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

manaŋhā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manaŋhā - noun; instrumental singular neuter <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manaŋhō - noun; genitive singular neuter <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manaŋhō - noun; genitive singular masculine <manah-> 'mind'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

manahi-cā - noun; locative singular neuter <manah-> 'mind' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manahīm - adjective; accusative singular neuter <manahya-> 'spiritual'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

manå - noun; nominative plural neuter <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manō - noun; accusative singular neuter <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

manō - noun; nominative singular neuter <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

marətaēibyō - noun; dative plural masculine <marəta-> 'mortal'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

marətānō - noun; genitive singular masculine <marəta-> 'mortal'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mašā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <mašya-> 'human being'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mašyāiš-cā - noun; instrumental plural masculine <mašya-> 'human being' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

mašyåŋhō - noun; vocative plural masculine <mašya-> 'human being'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mazištō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <maz-> 'large, great' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mazōi - adjective; dative singular masculine <maz-> 'large, great'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mazə̄ - adjective; genitive singular neuter <maz-> 'large, great'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mazdā - adjective; vocative singular masculine <mazdā-> 'wise'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mazdā - noun; vocative singular masculine <mazda-> 'wise one'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mazdāθā - noun; accusative plural neuter <mazdāδa-> 'thing to be considered'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mazdå - noun; genitive singular masculine <mazda-> 'wise one'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

mazdå - noun; nominative singular masculine <mazda-> 'wise one'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mazdå - adjective; nominative singular masculine <mazdā-> 'wise'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mazdås-cā - noun; genitive singular masculine <mazda-> 'wise one' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mazdås-cā - noun; vocative plural masculine <mazda-> 'wise one' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

mazdąm - noun; accusative singular masculine <mazda-> 'wise one'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mā - enclitic pronoun; 1st person accusative singular <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mā - prohibitive participle; <mā> used to express prohibition

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mąθraca - noun; instrumental singular masculine <mąθra-> 'formulaic verse, spell, poetic intention' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mąθrəm - noun accusative singular masculine; <maθra-> 'mantra, magic formula'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mąmciṯ - personal pronoun; accusative singular <azəm-> 'I' + indefinite marker; <ciṯ> gives indefinite or emphatic sense

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mąz - abbreviated noun (?); accusative singular masculine (?) <manah-> 'mind'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

miθrō - noun; nominative singular masculine <miθra-> 'contract, agreement, pact'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

Miθrō - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Miθra-> 'Mithra'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

miθrō-druxš - noun; <miθra-> 'contract, agreement, pact' + adjective; nominative singular masculine <drug-> 'false'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

Miθrəm - proper name; accusative singular masculine <Miθra-> 'Mithra'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

miθrəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <miθra-> 'contract, agreement, pact'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mīždəm - noun; accusative singular neuter <mīzda-> 'wages, prize'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mošu-cā - adverb; <mošu> 'soon' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mōi - enclitic pronoun; 1st person dative singular <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mərəiθyaoš - noun; genitive singular masculine <mərəthyu-> 'death'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mərəγa - noun; nominative plural masculine <mərəγa-> 'forest animal, bird'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

mərəngəduyē - verb; 2nd person plural present subjunctive middle <mrc> 'destroy'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mərəncaite - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <marək-> 'kill, destroy, bring ruin'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mə̄ - adjective pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ma-> 'my'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

mə̄ŋ́hī - verb; 1st person singular aorist indicative middle <man> 'know, think'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

mə̄n-cā - abbreviated noun (?); accusative singular masculine <manah-> 'mind' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mə̄m-bə̄əduš - compound stem (?); accusative singular neuter <manah-> 'mind' + perfect participle; accusative singular neuter <band-> 'shine' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mraocąs - present participle active; nominative singular masculine <mru> 'drive, plunge, beat'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

mraoṯ - verb; 3rd person singular imperfect indicative active <mrū> 'speak, say'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

mraomī - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <mrū> 'speak, say'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yaē-cā - relative pronoun; nominative plural <ya-> 'who, what, which' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yaē-cā - relative pronoun; dative plural masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yaojantē - verb; 3rd person plural aorist subjunctive middle <yuj> 'join, unite, yoke'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yaṯ - adverb; <yaṯ> 'when'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yaθa - conjunction; <yaθa> 'just as, like'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yaθā - adverb; <yaθa> 'just as, like'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yaθā-cā - adverb; <yaθa> 'just as, like' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yaθra - conjunction; <yaθra> 'where, in order to'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

yaθra - adverb; <yaθra> 'where, in order to'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

yaθrā - adverb; <yaθra> 'where, in order to'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yadā - relative adverb; <yadā> 'when'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yavaṯ - adverb; <yavaṯ> 'how long, as long as'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yavā - adjective; instrumental singular masculine <yavan-> 'during life'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

yavōi - noun; dative singular neuter <yav-> 'duration, period, time of life'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yasna - noun; accusative singular masculine <yasna-> 'sacrifice, offering, hymn'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yasnąs-cā - noun; accusative plural masculine <yasna-> 'sacrifice, offering, hymn' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yazatəm - future participle passive; accusative singular masculine <yaz> 'sacrifice, offer'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yazamaide - verb; 1st person plural present indicative middle <yaz> 'sacrifice, offer'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yazāi - verb; 1st person singular present subjunctive middle <yaz> 'sacrifice, offer'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yazənte - verb; 3rd person plural present indicative middle <yaz> 'sacrifice, offer'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yahmāi - relative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

yahmi - relative pronoun; locative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

yā - relative pronoun; instrumental singular neuter <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

yā - relative pronoun; accusative plural neuter <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yā - relative pronoun; nominative singular feminine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yā - relative pronoun; nominative accusative masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

yā - relative pronoun; nominative plural neuter <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yā - relative pronoun; instrumental singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yā - relative pronoun; nominative dual masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yā-cā - relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

yā-tē - relative pronoun; nominative plural masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which' + enclitic pronoun; genitive singular <tvə̄m-> 'you'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

yåŋhō - noun; genitive singular neuter <yāh-> 'pilgrimage, retribution'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yąm - relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yim - relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yūšmāvatąm - pronoun; genitive plural masculine <yūžəm-> 'you' + possessive suffix; <vat-> 'like'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

yūžə̄m - pronoun; 2nd person nominative singular <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

ye-cā - dative ending; plural masculine <-aya> '...' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yesnyata - adjective; accusative singular masculine <yesnya-> 'sacrifice, worship'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yesnyā-cā - noun; accusative plural masculine <yesnya-> 'sacrifice, worship' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yezivī - adjective; vocative singular feminine <yazu-> 'youngest'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yezī - conjunction; <yezī> 'as, because, when'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yō - relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

yōi - relative pronoun; nominative plural masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yōi - relative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

yə̄ - relative pronoun; nominative singular <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yə̄ - relative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

yə̄m - relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

yə̄mā - noun; nominative dual masculine <yə̄ma-> 'twin'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

yə̄mə - relative pronoun; accusative singular masculine <ya-> 'who, what, which'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

raocə̄bīs - noun; instrumental plural neuter <raocah-> 'light'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

raoδahe - verb; 2nd person singular present indicative middle <raod> 'grow, sprout'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

raose - verb; 2nd person singular aorist subjunctive middle <raod> 'grow, sprout'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

raostā - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative middle <rud> 'howl, cry out, lament'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

rajīš - noun; nominative singular neuter <rajī-> 'darkness'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

ratuš - noun; nominative singular masculine <ratu-> 'judgement, model, plan'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

raθaēštārō - noun; <raθa-> 'chariot' + agent root noun; <stā> 'stand, stay, remain'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

raya - noun; instrumental singular masculine <rai-> 'radiance, wealth, splendor'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

rašō - noun; accusative singular neuter <rašah-> 'harm, damage'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

razištəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <ərəzu-> 'straight' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

rāthəmō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <rāthəma-> 'adhering to'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

rādəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <rāda-> 'provider'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

rāmąm-cā - noun; accusative singular neuter <rāman-> 'peace, tranquility' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

rāmąm-cā - noun; accusative plural masculine <rāman-> 'peace, tranquility' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

rāstī - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <rāθ> 'adhere'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

rəmō - noun; nominative singular masculine <rəma-> 'bloodlust, violence, chains'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vaēdōdūm - verb; 2nd person plural present imperative middle <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vaēdəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <vaēda-> 'provider'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vaēm - personal pronoun; nominative singular <azəm-> 'I'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vaēšō - noun; nominative singular neuter <vaēšah-> 'poison'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vaocaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative active <vak> 'say, speak, declare'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vaxəδrahyā - noun; genitive singular neuter <vaxəδra-> 'speech organ'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vaxšayatō - present participle active; accusative plural masculine <vaxšaya-> 'cause to grow'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vaxšyā - verb; 1st person singular future indicative active <vak> 'say, speak, declare'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vaŋuhīš - adjective; nominative plural feminine <vohu-> 'good'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vaŋhāu - adjective; locative singular neuter <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vaŋhuyāi - adjective; dative singular neuter <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vaŋhuyå - adjective; genitive singular feminine <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vaŋhēuš - adjective; genitive singular masculine <vohu-> 'good'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vaŋhə̄uš - adjective; genitive singular neuter <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vaca - noun; instrumental singular masculine <vacah-> 'speech, word'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vacaca - noun; instrumental singular masculine <vacah-> 'speech, word' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vacahi-cā - noun; locative singular neuter <vacah-> 'speech, word' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vacō - noun; accusative singular neuter <vacah-> 'speech, word'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vadəmnō - noun; genitive singular masculine <vadman-> (?) 'possessed of speech'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vantaca - noun; instrumental singular masculine <vanta-> 'praise, homage' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vafūš - noun; accusative plural masculine <vafu-> 'prophecy, teaching, solemn words'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vayå - adjective; ablative dual masculine <uvaya-> 'both'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vayū-bərədubyō - compound noun; dative plural masculine <vayu-> 'air, wind' (?) + verb; <bərət> 'cry' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vayōi - interjection; <vayoi> 'woe'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

varatā - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative middle <var> 'choose'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vareδayan̨uha - verb; 2nd person singular present imperative middle <vərəz> 'do, make, perform'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

varəšaitē - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <vərəz> 'do, make, perform'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

varšajīš - noun; locative singular masculine <varšak-> 'root, tree'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vasaṯ - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <vas> 'desire, wish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vasəmī - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <vas> 'desire, wish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vasə̄-itōiš-cā - noun; genitive singular feminine <vasəiti-> 'liberty, prosperity' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vastē - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <vas> 'be clothed, swathed'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vaštī - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative active <vas> 'desire, wish'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vazyamnābyō - present participle middle; dative plural feminine <vaz> 'marry'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vahištā - adjective; nominative singular feminine <vohu-> 'good' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vahištā - adjective; accusative singular neuter <vohu-> 'good' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vahištəm - adjective; accusative singular neuter <vohu-> 'good' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vahmāi-ā - noun; dative singular masculine <vahma-> 'glorification, praise' + adverbial postposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vahmyata - adjective; accusative singular masculine <vahmaya-> 'worthy of praise'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vahyō - adjective; accusative singular neuter <vahya-> 'better'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vā - emphatic particle; <vā> 'indeed, for, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vāγžibyō - noun; instrumental plural feminine <vacah-> 'speech, word'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vācim - noun; accusative singular feminine <vāc-> 'voice'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vādāyōiṯ - verb; 3rd person singular present optative active <vādāya-> 'destroy'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vārəmca - noun; accusative singular masculine <vāra-> 'rain' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vāvərəzōi - verb 3rd person singular perfect indicative middle; <vərəz> 'do, make, perform'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vāstā - noun; nominative singular masculine <vāstar-> 'herdsman'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vāstrā - noun; instrumental singular masculine <vāstrya-> 'herdsman; pasture'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vāstryaēibyō - noun; dative plural masculine <vāstrya-> 'herdsman; pasture'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vāstryā - noun; accusative plural neuter <vāstrya-> 'herdsman; pasture'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vāstryāi-cā - noun; dative singular masculine <vāstrya-> 'herdsman; pasture' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vistō - past participle passive; nominative singular masculine <vis> 'find'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vīciθahyā - noun; genitive singular neuter <vīciδa-> 'decision, judgement'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vīcirō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <vīcira-> 'discerning'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vīdāṯ - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vīduyē - infinitive; dative singular <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vīdušē - present participle active; dative singular masculine <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vīdvå - perfect active participle; nominative singular masculine <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vībarən - verbal prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative <bar> 'bear, carry'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vīraoδahe - verbal prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; 2nd person singular present indicative middle <raod> 'grow, sprout'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vīvə̄nghatū - verb; 2nd person singular present imperative active desiderative <van> 'surpass, overcome'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vīspāi-ā - adjective; dative singular neuter <vīspa-> 'all, every' + postposition; <ā> '(up) to, toward, etc.'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vīspåŋhō - nominative plural masculine; <vispa-> 'everyone/thing, all'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vīspąm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <vīspa-> 'all, every'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vīspe - adjective; nominative plural masculine <vīspa-> 'all, every'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vīspēsca - adjective; locative singular masculine <vīspa-> 'all, every' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

Vīštāspō - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Vīštāspa-> 'Vishtaspa'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vīšyātā - prefix; <vi> 'wide, apart' + verb; 3rd person plural aorist indicative active <ci> 'discriminate, tell apart'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vīšyātā - verb; 3rd person plural aorist indicative active <vi> 'wide, apart' + ; <ci> 'discriminate, tell apart'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vīzxvanca - adverb; <vīzx^vanca> 'in every direction' (?)

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vīžibyō - noun; dative plural feminine <viž-> 'clan'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vouru-gaoyaoitiš - adjective; <varav-> 'wide, broad' + noun; <gao-> 'cow' + noun; nominative singular masculine <yaoti-> 'pasture'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vouru-gaoyaoitīm - adjective; <varav-> 'wide, broad' + noun; <gao-> 'cow' + noun; accusative singular masculine <yaoti-> 'pasture'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vohu-cā - adjective; nominative singular neuter <vohu-> 'good' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

vohū - adjective; accusative plural neuter <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

vohū - adjective; instrumental singular neuter <vohu-> 'good'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vōi-vīdaitī - verb; 3rd person singular aorist subjunctive active intensive <vid> 'see, know, obtain'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vərəθrająstarō - noun; <vərəθra-> 'attack, victory' + root noun; <gan-> 'slayer' + comparative suffix; nominative singular masculine <-tara-> 'more, better'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vərənātā - verb; 3rd person plural present injunctive middle <vərən-> 'choose'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

vərəzyan̨xvąm - adjective; accusative singular feminine <vərəzyah-> 'working, productive'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

vərəzyō - infinitive; <verəz-> 'perform an action'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

və̄ - enclitic personal pronoun; dative plural masculine <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

və̄ - enclitic personal pronoun; dative plural <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

və̄ - enclitic personal pronoun; genitive masculine <yūžəm-> 'you'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

vyāxanəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <vaȳxana-> 'assembly-speaking, rhetorically skilled'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

vyānayā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <vyāna-> 'insight, perception'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

saošyantō - noun; ablative singular masculine <saošyant-> 'giving power; savior (?)'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

saxvārə̄ - noun; accusative plural neuter <sax^vār-> 'invocation, poetically formulated vow'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

satəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <sata-> 'hundred'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

sarəjā - compound noun; nominative singular masculine <sar-> 'protection, alliance' + ; <jan> 'smite, slay, destroy'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

sarəm - noun; accusative singular feminine <sar-> 'protection, alliance'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

sava-cā - noun; accusative plural neuter <sava-> 'benefit, salvation' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sastē - infinitive; <saŋh> 'announce, proclaim'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sašaθā - verb; 2nd person plural present indicative active <sac> 'learn, understand'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

saškən-cā - verb; 3rd person plural aorist indicative active <sac> 'learn, understand' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

sazdyāi - verb; infinitive <saŋh> 'announce, proclaim'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sāxvə̄nī - noun; accusative plural neuter <sāx^van-> 'doctrine, teaching, instruction'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

sāsnayā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <sāsnā-> 'teaching'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

sāsnå - noun; accusative plural feminine <sāsnā-> 'teaching'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

sąstā - verb; 2nd person plural s-aorist imperative active <sand> 'show, seem'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

surunvata - future participle passive; accusative singular masculine <sru> 'hear, listen'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

sūcā - adjective; instrumental singular neuter <sūca-> 'light, pure, clear'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sūrå - adjective; nominative plural feminine <sūra-> 'strong, powerful'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

sūrəm - adjective; accusative singular masculine <sūra-> 'strong, powerful'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

səvištəm - adjective; <sūra-> 'strong, powerful' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

skəndō - noun; nominative singular masculine <skənda-> 'destruction'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

scantū - verb; 3rd person plural present imperative active <haca-> 'follow, accompany' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

staoiti - verb; 3rd person singular present subjunctive active <stu> 'praise, laud, extol, celebrate'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

staotā-cā - noun; nominative plural masculine <staota-> 'hymn, song of praise' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

staomi - verb; 1st person singular present indicative active <stu> 'praise, laud, extol, celebrate'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

stavanō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <stavana-> 'praising, being praised'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

stūitiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <stūiti-> 'song of praise, prayer'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

spayaθrahyā - noun; genitive singular neuter <spayaθra-> 'atonement, prosperity'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

spašuθā - verb; 2nd person plural present indicative active <spas-̨ spašu-> (?) 'perceive'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Spitama - proper name; vocative singular masculine <Spitāma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

Spitamāi - proper name; dative singular masculine <Spitāma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

Spitāmahyā - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Spitāma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Spitāmī - proper name; vocative singular feminine <Spitāma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Spitāmō - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Spitāma-> 'Spitama' (clan name of Zarathustra)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

spenta - adjective; nominative plural masculine <spənta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

spəntå - adjective; nominative plural feminine <spənta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

spəntō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <spənta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

spərədā - noun; instrumental singular feminine <spərəd-> 'zeal'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

spə̄ništā - adjective; instrumental singular neuter <spənta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

spə̄ništō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <spənta-> 'beneficent, holy, sacred' + superlative suffix; <-ista-> indicates superlative

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sraotā - verb; 2nd person plural aorist imperative active <sru> 'hear, listen'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

sravahī - noun; locative singular neuter <sravas-> 'fame'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

srāvayeŋ́hē - causative infinitive; dative <srāvay-> 'cause to be heard'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

srāvī - verb; 3rd person singular aorist indicative passive <sru> 'give'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

šavaitē - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <šava-> 'drive forth, set in motion'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

šyaoθanāiš - noun; instrumental plural neuter <šyaoθana-> 'act, deed'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

šyaoθanāiš-cā - noun; instrumental plural neuter <šyaoθana-> 'act, deed' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

šyaoθanā-cā - noun; accusative plural neuter <šyaoθana-> 'act, deed' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

šyaoθanōi - noun; locative singular neuter <šyaoθana-> 'act, deed'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

šyaoθnaca - noun; instrumental singular neuter <šyaoθana-> 'act, deed' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

šyeitibyō - present participle active; dative plural feminine <ši> 'dwell'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

zairi-gaonō - adjective; <zairi-> 'yellow' + noun; nominative singular masculine <gaona-> 'hair'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

zaoθrābyasca - noun; instrumental plural neuter <zaoθra-> 'libations' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

zaoθrābyō - noun; instrumental plural neuter <zaoθra-> 'libations'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

Zaraθuštrahē - proper name; genitive singular masculine <Zaraθuštra-> 'Zarathustra'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Zaraθuštrāi - proper name; dative singular masculine <Zaraθuštra-> 'Zarathustra'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

zaraθuštriš - adjective; nominative singular masculine <zaraθuštri-> 'descendent of Zarathustra' (?)

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

Zaraθuštrō - proper name; nominative singular masculine <Zaraθuštra-> 'Zarathustra'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

zavə̄ng - noun; accusative plural neuter <zava-> 'call, request'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

zastayō - noun; locative dual masculine <zasta-> 'hand'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

zastavaṯ - possessive adjective; accusative singular neuter <zasta-> 'hand' + possessive suffix; <-vat-> '...'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

zastāiš - noun; instrumental plural masculine <zasta-> 'hand'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

zazəntī - verb; 3rd person plural present subjunctive active <zā> 'conquer, win, come in first'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

zah́yā-cā - adjective; nominative plural masculine <zahya-> 'weakened' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

zāvarə - noun; accusative singular neuter <zāvar-> 'strength, vitality, vigor'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

ząm - noun; accusative singular feminine <zam-> 'earth, ground'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

zī - emphatic particle; <zi> 'for, indeed'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

zemō - noun; genitive singular feminine <zam-> 'earth, ground'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

zrazdištō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <zrazdišta-> 'most believing'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

haiθyā - noun; nominative plural masculine <haiθya-> 'true, real'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

haiθyāiš - adjective; instrumental plural neuter <haiθya-> 'true, real'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

Haēcaṯ-aspānā - compound proper name; vocative singular feminine <haēcaṯ-> '...' + ; <aspāna-> patronymic form of aspa- 'horse'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

haoma - noun; vocative singular masculine <haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haoma - noun; vocative singular masculine ' <haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haomayō - noun; locative dual masculine <haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

haomahe - noun; genitive singular masculine <haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haomō - noun; nominative singular masculine <haoma-> plant whose juice was used as a ritual intoxicant

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haxtayå - noun; genitive dual neuter <haxti-> 'thigh'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

haŋhuš - noun; accusative singular neuter <haŋhuš-> 'profit, harvest'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hacaite - verb; 3rd person singular present indicative middle <hak> 'instigate, strive for' -- with instrumental 'go after, follow, partake of'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hacā - adposition; <hacā> 'from, out of'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hacinte - verb; 3rd person plural present indicative middle <hak> 'instigate, strive for' -- with instrumental 'go after, follow, partake of'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haθra - adverb; <haθra> 'together, at the same place/time'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

haθrā - preposition; <haθra> 'together, at the same place/time'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

haθrā-nivāitīm - adverb; <haθra> 'together, at the same place/time' + agent noun; accusative singular feminine <nivāiti-> 'striking down'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

hadā - preposition; <hadā> 'together with'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

han̨eurvayeiti - verbal prefix; <ham> 'together' + 3rd person singular present indicative active causative; <ru> 'flow'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hamərəθanąm - noun; genitive plural masculine <hamərəθa> 'enemy'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

haraiθyō - noun; genitive singular feminine <haraitī-> name of a mountain

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

havanəm - noun; accusative singular masculine <havana-> 'pressing stone'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hazaošō - adjective; nominative singular masculine <hazaoša-> 'like-minded'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

hazaŋra-gaošəm - adjective; <hazara-> 'thousand' + noun; accusative singular masculine <gaoša-> 'ear'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

hazan̨raγnyāi - adjective; <hazara-> 'thousand' + noun; <ganya-> 'slaying, killing, destroying'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hazas-cā - noun; nominative singular masculine <haza-> 'power, violence, oppression' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

hātąm - present participle active; genitive plural masculine <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

hitaēibyō - noun; dative plural masculine <hita-> 'team of horses'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

hizvō - noun; instrumental singular masculine <hizu-> 'tongue'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

hī - emphatic particle; <hi> 'indeed'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hīm - demonstrative pronoun; accusative singular feminine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

huxratvō - prefix; <hu> 'well, good, beautiful' + noun; vocative singular masculine <xratu-> 'will, intention, vision'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma
• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

huxšaθrāiš - noun; instrumental singular masculine <huxšaθra-> 'good rule' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hutāštəm - prefix; <hu> 'well, good, beautiful' + past participle passive; accusative singular masculine <tas> 'carve, create, fashion, shape'

• Young Avestan: Yast 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Mithra

hudānvarəšvā - adverb (?); adjective stem <hudānu-> 'blessed' + verb; 2nd person singular aorist imperative middle <varəz-> 'work, perform'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hudåŋhō - adjective; nominative plural neuter <hudah-> 'of good gifts, beneficent'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hudəmə̄m - noun; accusative singular masculine <hudəma-> 'sweetness'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

hubaoiδiš - prefix; <hu> 'well, good, beautiful' + noun; nominative singular masculine <baoiδi-> 'smell'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

humązdrā - adjective; vocative plural masculine <humązdra-> 'careful, good to see'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

huruθma - prefix; <hu> 'well, good, beautiful' + noun; nominative singular masculine <ruθma-> 'growth, increase'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hušitōiš - noun; genitive singular feminine <hušiti-> 'good dwelling, comfort, safety'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hušəitīš - noun; accusative plural feminine <hušiti-> 'good dwelling, comfort, safety'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)

hušə̄nem - adjective; accusative singular neuter <hušə̄na-> 'profitable'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hūitiš - noun; nominative singular feminine <hūiti-> 'pressure'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hō - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Young Avestan: Yasna 10 -- excerpt from Hymn to Haoma

hōi - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular masculine / feminine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hōi - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hōi - personal pronoun; dative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hōi - demonstrative pronoun; dative singular feminine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

hōiš - contracted form (?); demonstrative pronoun <ha-> '(s)he, this' + demonstrative pronoun; accusative plural neuter (?) <ayə̄m-> 'this, that'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hə̄ntū - verb; 3rd person plural present imperative active <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hə̄ndvārəntā - verb; 3rd person plural imperfect indicative middle <həm> '...' + ; <dvar> 'rush together'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hə̄m - preposition; <hə̄m> 'together, with'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hə̄miθyāṯ - compound verb; 3rd person singular aorist optative active <həm> '...' + ; <miθ> 'rob of'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hyaṯ - conjunction; <hyaṯ> 'if, so, when'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hyaṯ - conjunction; <hyat> 'as, since, because'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment
• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hyaṯ - relative adverb; <hyaṯ> 'if, so, when'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament

hyaṯ-cā - conjunction; <hyaṯ> 'if, so, when' + conjunction; <ca> 'and'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hyaṯ-cīṯ - conjunction; <hyaṯ> 'if, so, when' + indefinite participle; <cīṯ> '...'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

h́yāmā - verb; 3rd person plural present optative middle <ah-> 'be, become'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 30 -- a gatha about reward and punishment

hvaŋhəvīm - noun; accusative singular neuter <hvaŋhaoya-> 'good existence'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)

hvō - demonstrative pronoun; nominative singular masculine <ha-> '(s)he, this'

• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29, the Cow's Lament
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 29 (continued)
• Old Avestan: Yasna 53 -- a gatha (wedding song)